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Review : To what extent residual alveolar ridge can be preserved by implant? A systematic review [6]

Review : To what extent residual alveolar ridge can be preserved by implant? A systematic review [6]

author: Ahmed Khalifa Khalifa, Masahiro Wada, Kazunori Ikebe, Yoshinobu Maeda | publisher: drg. Andreas Tjandra, Sp. Perio, FISID

Despite age-related [71], local and/or systemic factors causing prolonged ridge resorption [9], authors reported the probability of preservative effect and overhaul to maintain the residual alveolar ridge with different restoration [70, 71]. In the previous study, bone formation was noticed with the distal implant in severely resorbed atrophied mandibular ridge [20]. Sennerby et al. [72] concluded that the treatment with tissue-integrated prostheses seems to reduce bone resorption in the mandible, probably owing to adequate favorable load to stimulate bone preservation. Patients rehabilitated with implant-stabilized mandibular overdenture demonstrated the preservation of posterior mandibular residual ridge from resorption by annual range +0.009 to − 0.048 mm, while patients with mandibular implant fixed cantilever prostheses elaborated bone apposition, in the same area, with 1.6% annually [73]. Additionally, Kordatzis et al. [74] concluded 1-mm annual reduction in bone loss at using implant overdenture comparing to the conventional denture. Davis et al. [17] noticed the liability of the severely resorbed mandible for regeneration. After more than 4 years of function, anterior implant regenerated bone in the mental foramen area created a mandibular canal that previously was unseen. Even with loaded comparing to non-loaded implant in the same patient, the loaded implant demonstrated more bone preservation [75]. Within the 4-year study of implant-supported overdenture, preservation and gaining of more bones were preserved. Clinical examination revealed 0.8 mm mean annual marginal bone loss during the first year and 0.1 mm in the following years [76]. Also, the bony area close to the implants has advantaged reduction in bone resorption. The reduced resorption rate with implant-supported overdenture is significantly proportional to the distance from the distal implant which contributes to protecting the posterior residual ridge from excessive loading [74, 77]. In a retrospective 5-year study, 22 patients with bar retained and freestanding implant overdenture patients demonstrated a significant preservation of bone surrounding implant. The increased function after prosthetic rehabilitation reflected load-related bone deposition which minimized the physiologic age-related mandibular bone mineral content loss regardless the attachment system [78]. A non-significant bone gain was recorded with 59 patients after wearing overdenture for 60 months [79]. Another clinical investigation, extended for 8 years, proved the usage of bar-assisted overdenture in the treatment of severely resorbed alveolar ridge represented preservation and minimal rate bone resorption regardless the design of bar [80]. The same conclusion was announced by Mosnegutu et al. [81] after 10 years of follow-up for some cases. Transmission of load axially toward implant followed by posterior load on the ridge initiated a negative consequence on the posterior bone and preservative positive alveolar bone response around osseointegrated implants [82]. Development of high strain in the alveolar region is inevitable causing crestal bone resorption [83, 84]. Strain levels in peri-implant bone are reduced as the insertion depth of the implant increased [85]. The chance of bone preserving is high in normal range of load and in the absence of abnormal overload conditions [69].

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