Fig. 4. Relative fluorescence intensities (rfi) of S. epidermidis (a) and S. sanguinis (b) on titanium and ceramic implant surfaces with different grades of roughness and hydrophobicity (means and standard deviations)
Fig. 4. Relative fluorescence intensities (rfi) of S. epidermidis (a) and S. sanguinis (b) on titanium and ceramic implant surfaces with different grades of roughness and hydrop...
Fig. 3. Relative fluorescence intensities (rfi) of S. epidermidis (a) and S. sanguinis (b) on titanium and ceramic implant surfaces with different grades of roughness (means and standard deviations)
Fig. 3. Relative fluorescence intensities (rfi) of S. epidermidis (a) and S. sanguinis (b) on titanium and ceramic implant surfaces with different grades of roughness (means and standard deviation...
tanium (TiSMOOTH); scan sizes are 30 μm in a and 1 μm in b
Fig. 2. Comparison of AFM surface profiles of rough ceramic (CeROUGH), smooth ceramic (CeSMOOTH), rough titanium (TiROUGH), and smooth titanium (TiSMOOTH); scan sizes are 30 μm in a and 1 μm in b
Fig. 1. AFM images for 30 μm × 30 μm (a–d) and 3 μm × 3 μm scan areas (e–h) of rough ceramic (a, e), smooth ceramic (b, f), rough titanium (c, g), and smooth titanium (d, h)
Fig. 1. AFM images for 30 μm × 30 μm (a–d) and 3 μm × 3 μm scan areas (e–h) of rough ceramic (a, e), smooth ceramic (b, f), rough titanium (c, g), and smooth titanium (d, h)
NoneTable 1 Arithmetic average of surface roughness R
a
(means and standard deviations [μm]) and wettability (means and standard deviations [°]) of the ten tested material
Wassmann, T., Kreis, S., Behr, M. et al. The influence of surface texture and wettability on initial bacterial adhesion on titanium and zirconium oxide dental implants.
Int J Implant Dent 3, 32 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-017-0093-3
Download citation
Received: 07 March 2017
Accepted: 28 June 2017
Published: 17 July 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-017-0...
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were...
Ethical approval was not required.
The authors Torsten Wassmann, Stefan Kreis, Michael Behr, and Ralf Buergers declare that they have no competing interests.
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Present address: Department of Prosthodontics, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
Torsten Wassmann & Ralf Buergers
Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Regensburg University Medical Centre, Regensburg, Germany
Stefan Kreis, Michael Behr & Ralf Buergers
You can also search for this author in
PubMed Google Schola...
The great support of Juri Allerdings and the skilled technical assistance of Gerlinde Held and Marlene Rosendahl are gratefully acknowledged.
The study has been funded solely by the institutions of the authors.
Drake DR, Paul J, Keller JC. Primary bacterial adhesion of implant surfaces. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1999;14:226–32.
Lim YJ, Oshida Y. Initial contact angle measurements on variously treated dental/medical titanium materials. Biomed Mater Eng. 2001;11:325–41.
Steinberg D, Sela MN, Klinger A, Kohavi D. Adhesion of periodontal bacteria to titanium and titanium alloy powders. Clin Oral ...
Quirynen M, De Soete M, van Steenberghe D. Infectious risks for oral implants: a review of the literature. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2002;13:1–19.
Weerkamp AH, Uyen HM, Busscher HJ. Effect of zeta potential and surface energy on bacterial adhesion to uncoated and saliva-coated human enamel and dentin. J Dent Res. 1988;67:1483–7.
Barbour ME, O’Sullivan DJ, Jenkinson HF, Jagger DC. The effects...
Quirynen M, Bollen CM, Papaioannou W, Van Eldere J, van Steenberghe D. The influence of titanium abutment surface roughness on plaque accumulation and gingivitis: short-term observations. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1996;11:169–78.
Hannig M. Transmission electron microscopy of early plaque formation on dental materials in vivo. Eur J Oral Sci. 1999;107:55–64.
Quirynen M, van der Mei HC, ...
An YH, Friedman RJ. Concise review of mechanisms of bacterial adhesion to biomaterial surfaces. J Biomed Mater Res. 1998;43:338–48.
Palmquist A, Omar OM, Esposito M, Lausmaa J, Thomsen P. Titanium oral implants: surface characteristics, interface biology and clinical outcome. J R Soc Interface. 2010;7:515–27.
Hannig C, Hannig M. The oral cavity—a key system to understand substratum-depende...
Poon CY, Bhushan B. Comparison of surface roughness measurements by stylus profiler, AFM and non-contact profiler. Wear. 1995;190:76–88.
Hahnel S, Rosentritt M, Handel G, Bürgers R. Surface characterization of dental ceramics and initial streptococcal adhesion in vitro. Dent Mater. 2009;25:969–75.
Abrahamsson I, Berglundh T, Lindhe J. Soft tissue response to plaque formation at different im...
Within the limitations of an in vitro study, our results indicate that surface roughness as well as wettability may influence the adhesion properties of bacteria on implant surfaces. Furthermore, the predominant factor for adhesion depends on the bacterial species itself. Zirconia implant material did not show any lower bacterial colonization potential than titanium. The influence of substratum ma...
In vivo biofilm models with multi-species biofilms offer the opportunity to evaluate materials in simulated clinical conditions including composite plaque, salivary pellicle, and removal forces [18]. Although the understanding of oral biofilms and the influence of surface characteristics on microbial accumulation has increased, significant gaps in the fundamental knowledge about the formation and ...
Besides surface roughness and morphology, the hydrophobicity and surface free energy (SFE) of an implant surface are known to influence bacterial adhesion [42, 43]. Physico-chemical interactions (non-specific) are composed of van der Waals forces, electrostatic interactions, and acid-based interactions, which in turn define the surface free energy of a substratum [44]. The surface free energy can ...
In the present study, sandblasting (with 50 or 250 μm aluminum trioxide) resulted in significant increases of R
a
on titanium and ceramic surfaces. These R
a
values were higher than those for commercially available implant abutments (observed to range from 0.10 to 0.30 μm) [35]. According to the classification by Albrektsson and Wennerberg, smooth ceramic and titanium materials and t...
Besides, the surface material itself and its chemical composition, surface roughness, and hydrophobicity have a crucial influence on the accumulation of microorganisms. In most previous studies on bacterial adhesion on titanium and ceramic surfaces, the quantity of bacterial adhesion showed a direct positive correlation with surface roughness [4, 10, 18, 24,25,26]. In case of interacting surface r...
The problems involved in osseous healing of dental implants appear to be largely solved. Biofilm formation on exposed implant and abutment surfaces, however, is a fortiori crucial for the long-term therapeutic success of an implant, because biofilms are the most frequent cause of peri-implantitis and implant loss [3,4,5,6,7]. Consequently, new implant surface modifications with reduced properties ...
In general, significantly more S. sanguinis adhered to ceramic surfaces than to titanium surfaces (p  0.05 for all comparisons). On ceramic surfaces (smooth ceramic 4668 ± 1562 rfu; medium ceramic 5590 ± 1493 rfu, rough ceramic 6875 ± 428 rfu), higher surface roughness led to increased S. sanguinis adhesion (p  0.05 for all comparisons). A comparison of rough and smooth s...
The median surface roughness values (R
a
) of each material group (n = 10) tested are shown in Table 1. The differences in R
a
between rough, medium, and smooth specimens were statistically significant for ceramic as well as for titanium (p 
Ten specimens of each material group tested were investigated. As control references, we used the fluorescence values of pure phosphate-buffered saline (0-control), buffer and CytoX-Violet (dye-control), and pure bacterial solution (bacteria-control).
All calculations and graphic displays were done with SPSS 16.0 for Windows (SPSS Corporation, Chicago, IL, USA). Means and standard deviations for ...
Three-dimensional images of rough and smooth implant surfaces were obtained by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM) using the tapping mode scan of an AFM VEECO machine (Plainview, USA); this method was also used to determine the surface topography. We scanned several randomly selected areas measuring either 3 μm × 3 μm or 30 μm × 30 μm for each of the test groups and sterilized...
In this study, we assessed two different implant materials in the form of round specimens (each measuring 5.0 mm in diameter and 1.0 mm in thickness, see Table 1). Half of the specimens were made of grade 1 pure titanium (Mechanische Werkstatt Biologie, University of Regensburg, Germany) and the other half of zirconia ceramic (IPS e.max ZirCAD; Ivoclar Vivadent, Ellwangen, Germany). The grade o...
The aim of the present in vitro study was to investigate bacterial adhesion (by means of the test species Streptococcus sanguinis and Staphylococcus epidermidis) on ten different titanium and zirconia implant surfaces. Surface texture and wettability were modified in well-defined patterns to correlate these surface properties with the amount of initially adhering bacteria and to define the predomi...
Dental implants are one of the most frequently used treatment options for the replacement of missing teeth. The oral microflora and its dynamic interactions with the implant substrata seem to crucially influence the long-term success or failure of dental implants [1,2,3,4,5,6]. As soon as implant surfaces are exposed to the human oral cavity, they are immediately colonized by microorganisms [7, 8]...
This study aims to investigate bacterial adhesion on different titanium and ceramic implant surfaces, to correlate these findings with surface roughness and surface hydrophobicity, and to define the predominant factor for bacterial adhesion for each material.
Zirconia and titanium specimens with different surface textures and wettability (5.0Â mm in diameter, 1.0Â mm in height) were prepared. Sur...
Fig. 11. Energy dispersive spectrum of control Cp titanium specimen
Fig. 11. Energy dispersive spectrum of control Cp titanium specimen
Fig. 10. Energy dispersive spectrum of Cp titanium specimen coated with HA-Zn
Fig. 10. Energy dispersive spectrum of Cp titanium specimen coated with HA-Zn
Fig. 9. Scanning electron microphotograph of control Cp titanium specimen at ×20,000
Fig. 9. Scanning electron microphotograph of control Cp titanium specimen at ×20,000
Fig. 8. Scanning electron microphotograph of control Cp titanium specimen at ×10,000
Fig. 8. Scanning electron microphotograph of control Cp titanium specimen at ×10,000
Fig. 7. Scanning electron microphotograph of control Cp Titanium specimen at X 5,000
Fig. 7. Scanning electron microphotograph of control Cp Titanium specimen at X 5,000
Fig. 6. Scanning electron microphotograph of Cp titanium specimen coated with HA-Zn at ×20,000
Fig. 6. Scanning electron microphotograph of Cp titanium specimen coated with HA-Zn at ×20,000
Fig. 5. Scanning electron microphotograph of Cp Titanium specimen coated with HA-Zn at X10,000
Fig. 5. Scanning electron microphotograph of Cp Titanium specimen coated with HA-Zn at X10,000
Fig. 4. Scanning electron microphotograph of Cp titanium specimen coated with nano HA- Zn at ×5000
Fig. 4. Scanning electron microphotograph of Cp titanium specimen coated with nano HA- Zn at ×5000
Fig. 3. IR spectra of HA-Zn powder scrapped from coated titanium specimen
Fig. 3. IR spectra of HA-Zn powder scrapped from coated titanium specimen
Fig. 2. IR spectra of Ca(NO3)2·4 H2O powder prepared from a natural source (CB)
Fig. 2. IR spectra of Ca(NO3)2·4 H2O powder prepared from a natural source (CB)
Fig. 1. Graphical presentation of the electrochemical-deposition coating process’ equipment
Fig. 1. Graphical presentation of the electrochemical-deposition coating process’ equipment
Â
Number of specimens
Mean ± (SD)
Standard error mean
F value
P value
Control
7...
El-Wassefy, N.A., Reicha, F.M. & Aref, N.S. Electro-chemical deposition of nano hydroxyapatite-zinc coating on titanium metal substrate.
Int J Implant Dent 3, 39 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-017-0095-1
Download citation
Received: 20 March 2017
Accepted: 28 July 2017
Published: 13 August 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-017-0095-1
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were...
El-Wassefy N, Aref N, and Reicha F declare that they have no competing interests.
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Dental Biomaterials Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, 35516 El Gomhoria St., Mansoura, Egypt
N. A. El-Wassefy & N. S. Aref
Physics Department, Faculty of science, Mansoura University, 35516 El Gomhoria St., Mansoura, Egypt
F. M. Reicha
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The authors would like to express their gratitude for Dr. Sherif Kishk, Professor of Communication and Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University, for his help in photographing and analyzing the coating for adhesion test.
Kuo MC, Yen SK. The process of electrochemical deposited hydroxyapatite coatings on biomedical titanium at room temperature. Mater Sci Eng C. 2002;20:153–60.
Suchanek W, Yoshimura M. Processing and properties of hydroxyapatite-based biomaterials for use as hard tissue replacement implants. J Mater Res. 1998;13:94–117.
Kohli S, Batra U, Kapoor S. Influence of zinc substitution on physicochemi...
Hosea HJ, Taylor CG, Wood T, Mollard R, Weiler HA. Zinc-deficient rats have more limited bone recovery during repletion than diet-restricted rats. Exp Biol Med. 2004;299:303–11.
Tsai M-T, Chang Y-Y, Huang H-L, Hsu J-T, Chen Y-C, Wu AY-J. Characterization and antibacterial performance of bioactive Ti–Zn–O coatings deposited on titanium implants. Thin Solid Films. 2013;528:143–50.
Hu H, Zh...
Brunette DM, Tengvall P, Textor M TP, Textor M, Thomsen P. Titanium in medicine: material science, surface science, engineering, biological responses and medical applications. Springer Science & Business Media; 2012. p.13–24.
Heydenrijk K, Meijer HJA, van der Reijden WA, Vissink A, Raghoebar GM, Stegenga B. Microbiota around root-formed endosseous implants. A review of the literature. October. ...
The electro-chemical method can be employed for HA-Zn coating deposition on titanium metal, where Ca source was a recycled cuttlebone fish to precipitate HA phases. Using a Zn anode on a low-sustained voltage was able to induce an even coat thickness of HA-Zn precipitation and increase the surface roughness significantly.
Yang et al. prepared a Zn-HA coating on Ti plates by an electrochemical process, and the SEM examination showed irregularly shaped rod-like crystals with hexagonal cross-section; this corresponded well with the current study results. They also concluded that a Zn-HA coating improves proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts and would enhance implant osseointegration [11].
Ceramic coatings ...
Metallic orthopedic prosthesis is most commonly used due to its good mechanical properties, but its failure mostly occurs due to the lack of proper bone bonding and/or the occurrence of post-operative infections. Hydroxyapatite is commonly used as a bone filler biomaterial or as a coat for titanium prosthesis due to its decent biocompatibility, osseoconductivity, and bioactivity [26]. However, as ...
Following the examination of X cut areas after the adhesive tape removal; the adhesion was rated to be 5A, as no peeling or coat removal occurred along the incisions' length or at their intersection.
Figure 2 shows the FT-IR spectra of Ca(NO3)2·4H2O with weak sharp absorption peak bands at 742, 821, and 1048 cm−1, a strong broad absorption band at 1354 cm-1, and a strong shoulder absorption band at 1455 cm−1. A wide broad absorption band peak appears at 3442 cm−1 due to the presence of water. Figure 3 shows the FT-IR spectra of HA-Zn powder scrapped from CpTi specimens; the band a...
The coating was scrapped from Ti specimen's surface and investigated for its chemical structure using FT-IR spectroscopy. The powder was investigated by double-beam dispersive IR spectrometer (Nicolet iS10, Thermo Electron Corporation, UK) which utilized the selected range of 400 to 4000 wave numbers (cm−1) at 4 cm−1 resolution and averaging of 100 scans. Two milligrams of scrapped powder was...
Commercially pure Ti (CpTi) grade II specimens were cut down into plates with dimensions 10 × 10 × 2 mm and used as substrates (cathode material) for depositing HA and Zn. CpTi specimens were polished with successive grades of silicon carbide papers, ultra-sonicated in acetone (99.5%, EM Science), rinsed in distilled water, and then air dried at room temperature, before they were used f...
The aim of the present work was to develop well-adhered and uniform hydroxyapatite-zinc coatings on titanium metal substrate, through an in vitro electro-chemical deposition method. The coating was characterized for functional chemical group, surface morphology, surface chemical analysis, surface roughness, and coat adhesive bonding by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), scanning elec...
Titanium metal is one of the most widely used biomedical orthopedic materials because of its decent mechanical properties [1]. However, as an inert material, it cannot induce osteogenesis and has no antibacterial properties [2]. In order to improve surface bioactivity of titanium substrates, numerous methods have been proposed to cover it with bio-ceramic coatings [1]. Various clinical studies ...
Titanium is an inert metal that does not induce osteogenesis and has no antibacterial properties; it is proposed that hydroxyapatite coating can enhance its bioactivity, while zinc can contribute to antibacterial properties and improve osseointegration.
A nano-sized hydroxyapatite-zinc coating was deposited on commercially pure titanium using an electro-chemical process, in order to increase its ...
Fig. 4. Relative fluorescence intensities (rfi) of S. epidermidis (a) and S. sanguinis (b) on titanium and ceramic implant surfaces with different grades of roughness and hydrophobicity (means and standard deviations)
Fig. 4. Relative fluorescence intensities (rfi) of S. epidermidis (a) and S. sanguinis (b) on titanium and ceramic implant surfaces with different grades of roughness and hydrop...
Fig. 3. Relative fluorescence intensities (rfi) of S. epidermidis (a) and S. sanguinis (b) on titanium and ceramic implant surfaces with different grades of roughness (means and standard deviations)
Fig. 3. Relative fluorescence intensities (rfi) of S. epidermidis (a) and S. sanguinis (b) on titanium and ceramic implant surfaces with different grades of roughness (means and standard deviation...
GH), and smooth titanium (TiSMOOTH); scan sizes are 30 μm in a and 1 μm in b
Fig. 2. Comparison of AFM surface profiles of rough ceramic (CeROUGH), smooth ceramic (CeSMOOTH), rough titanium (TiROUGH), and smooth titanium (TiSMOOTH); scan sizes are 30 μm in a and 1 μm in b
Fig. 1. AFM images for 30 μm × 30 μm (a–d) and 3 μm × 3 μm scan areas (e–h) of rough ceramic (a, e), smooth ceramic (b, f), rough titanium (c, g), and smooth titanium (d, h)
Fig. 1. AFM images for 30 μm × 30 μm (a–d) and 3 μm × 3 μm scan areas (e–h) of rough ceramic (a, e), smooth ceramic (b, f), rough titanium (c, g), and smooth titanium (d, h)
NoneTable 1 Arithmetic average of surface roughness R
a
(means and standard deviations [μm]) and wettability (means and standard deviations [°]) of the ten tested material
Wassmann, T., Kreis, S., Behr, M. et al. The influence of surface texture and wettability on initial bacterial adhesion on titanium and zirconium oxide dental implants.
Int J Implant Dent 3, 32 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-017-0093-3
Download citation
Received: 07 March 2017
Accepted: 28 June 2017
Published: 17 July 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-017-0...
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were...
Ethical approval was not required.
The authors Torsten Wassmann, Stefan Kreis, Michael Behr, and Ralf Buergers declare that they have no competing interests.
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Present address: Department of Prosthodontics, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
Torsten Wassmann & Ralf Buergers
Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Regensburg University Medical Centre, Regensburg, Germany
Stefan Kreis, Michael Behr & Ralf Buergers
You can also search for this author in
PubMed Google Schola...
The great support of Juri Allerdings and the skilled technical assistance of Gerlinde Held and Marlene Rosendahl are gratefully acknowledged.
The study has been funded solely by the institutions of the authors.
Drake DR, Paul J, Keller JC. Primary bacterial adhesion of implant surfaces. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1999;14:226–32.
Lim YJ, Oshida Y. Initial contact angle measurements on variously treated dental/medical titanium materials. Biomed Mater Eng. 2001;11:325–41.
Steinberg D, Sela MN, Klinger A, Kohavi D. Adhesion of periodontal bacteria to titanium and titanium alloy powders. Clin Oral ...
Quirynen M, De Soete M, van Steenberghe D. Infectious risks for oral implants: a review of the literature. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2002;13:1–19.
Weerkamp AH, Uyen HM, Busscher HJ. Effect of zeta potential and surface energy on bacterial adhesion to uncoated and saliva-coated human enamel and dentin. J Dent Res. 1988;67:1483–7.
Barbour ME, O’Sullivan DJ, Jenkinson HF, Jagger DC. The effects...
Quirynen M, Bollen CM, Papaioannou W, Van Eldere J, van Steenberghe D. The influence of titanium abutment surface roughness on plaque accumulation and gingivitis: short-term observations. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1996;11:169–78.
Hannig M. Transmission electron microscopy of early plaque formation on dental materials in vivo. Eur J Oral Sci. 1999;107:55–64.
Quirynen M, van der Mei HC, ...
An YH, Friedman RJ. Concise review of mechanisms of bacterial adhesion to biomaterial surfaces. J Biomed Mater Res. 1998;43:338–48.
Palmquist A, Omar OM, Esposito M, Lausmaa J, Thomsen P. Titanium oral implants: surface characteristics, interface biology and clinical outcome. J R Soc Interface. 2010;7:515–27.
Hannig C, Hannig M. The oral cavity—a key system to understand substratum-depende...
Poon CY, Bhushan B. Comparison of surface roughness measurements by stylus profiler, AFM and non-contact profiler. Wear. 1995;190:76–88.Hahnel S, Rosentritt M, Handel G, Bürgers R. Surface characterization of dental ceramics and initial streptococcal adhesion in vitro. Dent Mater. 2009;25:969–75.Abrahamsson I, Berglundh T, Lindhe J. Soft tissue response to plaque formation at different implan...
Poon CY, Bhushan B. Comparison of surface roughness measurements by stylus profiler, AFM and non-contact profiler. Wear. 1995;190:76–88.
Hahnel S, Rosentritt M, Handel G, Bürgers R. Surface characterization of dental ceramics and initial streptococcal adhesion in vitro. Dent Mater. 2009;25:969–75.
Abrahamsson I, Berglundh T, Lindhe J. Soft tissue response to plaque formation at different im...
Within the limitations of an in vitro study, our results indicate that surface roughness as well as wettability may influence the adhesion properties of bacteria on implant surfaces. Furthermore, the predominant factor for adhesion depends on the bacterial species itself. Zirconia implant material did not show any lower bacterial colonization potential than titanium. The influence of substratum ma...
In vivo biofilm models with multi-species biofilms offer the opportunity to evaluate materials in simulated clinical conditions including composite plaque, salivary pellicle, and removal forces [18]. Although the understanding of oral biofilms and the influence of surface characteristics on microbial accumulation has increased, significant gaps in the fundamental knowledge about the formation and ...
Besides surface roughness and morphology, the hydrophobicity and surface free energy (SFE) of an implant surface are known to influence bacterial adhesion [42, 43]. Physico-chemical interactions (non-specific) are composed of van der Waals forces, electrostatic interactions, and acid-based interactions, which in turn define the surface free energy of a substratum [44]. The surface free energy can ...
In the present study, sandblasting (with 50 or 250 μm aluminum trioxide) resulted in significant increases of R
a
on titanium and ceramic surfaces. These R
a
values were higher than those for commercially available implant abutments (observed to range from 0.10 to 0.30 μm) [35]. According to the classification by Albrektsson and Wennerberg, smooth ceramic and titanium materials and t...
Besides, the surface material itself and its chemical composition, surface roughness, and hydrophobicity have a crucial influence on the accumulation of microorganisms. In most previous studies on bacterial adhesion on titanium and ceramic surfaces, the quantity of bacterial adhesion showed a direct positive correlation with surface roughness [4, 10, 18, 24,25,26]. In case of interacting surface r...
The problems involved in osseous healing of dental implants appear to be largely solved. Biofilm formation on exposed implant and abutment surfaces, however, is a fortiori crucial for the long-term therapeutic success of an implant, because biofilms are the most frequent cause of peri-implantitis and implant loss [3,4,5,6,7]. Consequently, new implant surface modifications with reduced properties ...
In general, significantly more S. sanguinis adhered to ceramic surfaces than to titanium surfaces (p  0.05 for all comparisons). On ceramic surfaces (smooth ceramic 4668 ± 1562 rfu; medium ceramic 5590 ± 1493 rfu, rough ceramic 6875 ± 428 rfu), higher surface roughness led to increased S. sanguinis adhesion (p  0.05 for all comparisons). A comparison of rough and smooth s...
The median surface roughness values (R
a
) of each material group (n = 10) tested are shown in Table 1. The differences in R
a
between rough, medium, and smooth specimens were statistically significant for ceramic as well as for titanium (p 
Ten specimens of each material group tested were investigated. As control references, we used the fluorescence values of pure phosphate-buffered saline (0-control), buffer and CytoX-Violet (dye-control), and pure bacterial solution (bacteria-control).
All calculations and graphic displays were done with SPSS 16.0 for Windows (SPSS Corporation, Chicago, IL, USA). Means and standard deviations for ...
Three-dimensional images of rough and smooth implant surfaces were obtained by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM) using the tapping mode scan of an AFM VEECO machine (Plainview, USA); this method was also used to determine the surface topography. We scanned several randomly selected areas measuring either 3 μm × 3 μm or 30 μm × 30 μm for each of the test groups and sterilized...
In this study, we assessed two different implant materials in the form of round specimens (each measuring 5.0 mm in diameter and 1.0 mm in thickness, see Table 1). Half of the specimens were made of grade 1 pure titanium (Mechanische Werkstatt Biologie, University of Regensburg, Germany) and the other half of zirconia ceramic (IPS e.max ZirCAD; Ivoclar Vivadent, Ellwangen, Germany). The grade o...
The aim of the present in vitro study was to investigate bacterial adhesion (by means of the test species Streptococcus sanguinis and Staphylococcus epidermidis) on ten different titanium and zirconia implant surfaces. Surface texture and wettability were modified in well-defined patterns to correlate these surface properties with the amount of initially adhering bacteria and to define the predomi...
Dental implants are one of the most frequently used treatment options for the replacement of missing teeth. The oral microflora and its dynamic interactions with the implant substrata seem to crucially influence the long-term success or failure of dental implants [1,2,3,4,5,6]. As soon as implant surfaces are exposed to the human oral cavity, they are immediately colonized by microorganisms [7, 8]...
This study aims to investigate bacterial adhesion on different titanium and ceramic implant surfaces, to correlate these findings with surface roughness and surface hydrophobicity, and to define the predominant factor for bacterial adhesion for each material.
Zirconia and titanium specimens with different surface textures and wettability (5.0Â mm in diameter, 1.0Â mm in height) were prepared. Sur...
Fig. 11. Energy dispersive spectrum of control Cp titanium specimen
Fig. 11. Energy dispersive spectrum of control Cp titanium specimen
Fig. 10. Energy dispersive spectrum of Cp titanium specimen coated with HA-Zn
Fig. 10. Energy dispersive spectrum of Cp titanium specimen coated with HA-Zn
Fig. 9. Scanning electron microphotograph of control Cp titanium specimen at ×20,000
Fig. 9. Scanning electron microphotograph of control Cp titanium specimen at ×20,000
Fig. 8. Scanning electron microphotograph of control Cp titanium specimen at ×10,000
Fig. 8. Scanning electron microphotograph of control Cp titanium specimen at ×10,000
Fig. 7. Scanning electron microphotograph of control Cp Titanium specimen at X 5,000
Fig. 7. Scanning electron microphotograph of control Cp Titanium specimen at X 5,000
Fig. 6. Scanning electron microphotograph of Cp titanium specimen coated with HA-Zn at ×20,000
Fig. 6. Scanning electron microphotograph of Cp titanium specimen coated with HA-Zn at ×20,000
Fig. 5. Scanning electron microphotograph of Cp Titanium specimen coated with HA-Zn at X10,000
Fig. 5. Scanning electron microphotograph of Cp Titanium specimen coated with HA-Zn at X10,000
Fig. 4. Scanning electron microphotograph of Cp titanium specimen coated with nano HA- Zn at ×5000
Fig. 4. Scanning electron microphotograph of Cp titanium specimen coated with nano HA- Zn at ×5000
Fig. 3. IR spectra of HA-Zn powder scrapped from coated titanium specimen
Fig. 3. IR spectra of HA-Zn powder scrapped from coated titanium specimen
Fig. 2. IR spectra of Ca(NO3)2·4 H2O powder prepared from a natural source (CB)
Fig. 2. IR spectra of Ca(NO3)2·4 H2O powder prepared from a natural source (CB)
Fig. 1. Graphical presentation of the electrochemical-deposition coating process’ equipment
Fig. 1. Graphical presentation of the electrochemical-deposition coating process’ equipment
Â
Number of specimens
Mean ± (SD)
Standard error mean
F value
P value
Control
7...
El-Wassefy, N.A., Reicha, F.M. & Aref, N.S. Electro-chemical deposition of nano hydroxyapatite-zinc coating on titanium metal substrate.
Int J Implant Dent 3, 39 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-017-0095-1
Download citation
Received: 20 March 2017
Accepted: 28 July 2017
Published: 13 August 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-017-0095-1
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were...
El-Wassefy N, Aref N, and Reicha F declare that they have no competing interests.
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Dental Biomaterials Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, 35516 El Gomhoria St., Mansoura, Egypt
N. A. El-Wassefy & N. S. Aref
Physics Department, Faculty of science, Mansoura University, 35516 El Gomhoria St., Mansoura, Egypt
F. M. Reicha
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The authors would like to express their gratitude for Dr. Sherif Kishk, Professor of Communication and Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University, for his help in photographing and analyzing the coating for adhesion test.
Kuo MC, Yen SK. The process of electrochemical deposited hydroxyapatite coatings on biomedical titanium at room temperature. Mater Sci Eng C. 2002;20:153–60.
Suchanek W, Yoshimura M. Processing and properties of hydroxyapatite-based biomaterials for use as hard tissue replacement implants. J Mater Res. 1998;13:94–117.
Kohli S, Batra U, Kapoor S. Influence of zinc substitution on physicochemi...
Hosea HJ, Taylor CG, Wood T, Mollard R, Weiler HA. Zinc-deficient rats have more limited bone recovery during repletion than diet-restricted rats. Exp Biol Med. 2004;299:303–11.
Tsai M-T, Chang Y-Y, Huang H-L, Hsu J-T, Chen Y-C, Wu AY-J. Characterization and antibacterial performance of bioactive Ti–Zn–O coatings deposited on titanium implants. Thin Solid Films. 2013;528:143–50.
Hu H, Zh...
Brunette DM, Tengvall P, Textor M TP, Textor M, Thomsen P. Titanium in medicine: material science, surface science, engineering, biological responses and medical applications. Springer Science & Business Media; 2012. p.13–24.
Heydenrijk K, Meijer HJA, van der Reijden WA, Vissink A, Raghoebar GM, Stegenga B. Microbiota around root-formed endosseous implants. A review of the literature. October. ...
The electro-chemical method can be employed for HA-Zn coating deposition on titanium metal, where Ca source was a recycled cuttlebone fish to precipitate HA phases. Using a Zn anode on a low-sustained voltage was able to induce an even coat thickness of HA-Zn precipitation and increase the surface roughness significantly.
Yang et al. prepared a Zn-HA coating on Ti plates by an electrochemical process, and the SEM examination showed irregularly shaped rod-like crystals with hexagonal cross-section; this corresponded well with the current study results. They also concluded that a Zn-HA coating improves proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts and would enhance implant osseointegration [11].
Ceramic coatings ...
Metallic orthopedic prosthesis is most commonly used due to its good mechanical properties, but its failure mostly occurs due to the lack of proper bone bonding and/or the occurrence of post-operative infections. Hydroxyapatite is commonly used as a bone filler biomaterial or as a coat for titanium prosthesis due to its decent biocompatibility, osseoconductivity, and bioactivity [26]. However, as ...
Following the examination of X cut areas after the adhesive tape removal; the adhesion was rated to be 5A, as no peeling or coat removal occurred along the incisions' length or at their intersection.
Figure 2 shows the FT-IR spectra of Ca(NO3)2·4H2O with weak sharp absorption peak bands at 742, 821, and 1048 cm−1, a strong broad absorption band at 1354 cm-1, and a strong shoulder absorption band at 1455 cm−1. A wide broad absorption band peak appears at 3442 cm−1 due to the presence of water. Figure 3 shows the FT-IR spectra of HA-Zn powder scrapped from CpTi specimens; the band a...
The coating was scrapped from Ti specimen's surface and investigated for its chemical structure using FT-IR spectroscopy. The powder was investigated by double-beam dispersive IR spectrometer (Nicolet iS10, Thermo Electron Corporation, UK) which utilized the selected range of 400 to 4000 wave numbers (cm−1) at 4 cm−1 resolution and averaging of 100 scans. Two milligrams of scrapped powder was...
Commercially pure Ti (CpTi) grade II specimens were cut down into plates with dimensions 10 × 10 × 2 mm and used as substrates (cathode material) for depositing HA and Zn. CpTi specimens were polished with successive grades of silicon carbide papers, ultra-sonicated in acetone (99.5%, EM Science), rinsed in distilled water, and then air dried at room temperature, before they were used f...
The aim of the present work was to develop well-adhered and uniform hydroxyapatite-zinc coatings on titanium metal substrate, through an in vitro electro-chemical deposition method. The coating was characterized for functional chemical group, surface morphology, surface chemical analysis, surface roughness, and coat adhesive bonding by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), scanning elec...
The aim of the present work was to develop well-adhered and uniform hydroxyapatite-zinc coatings on titanium metal substrate, through an in vitro electro-chemical deposition method. The coating was characterized for functional chemical group, surface morphology, surface chemical analysis, surface roughness, and coat adhesive bonding by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), scanning elec...
Titanium metal is one of the most widely used biomedical orthopedic materials because of its decent mechanical properties [1]. However, as an inert material, it cannot induce osteogenesis and has no antibacterial properties [2]. In order to improve surface bioactivity of titanium substrates, numerous methods have been proposed to cover it with bio-ceramic coatings [1]. Various clinical studies ...
Titanium is an inert metal that does not induce osteogenesis and has no antibacterial properties; it is proposed that hydroxyapatite coating can enhance its bioactivity, while zinc can contribute to antibacterial properties and improve osseointegration.
A nano-sized hydroxyapatite-zinc coating was deposited on commercially pure titanium using an electro-chemical process, in order to increase its ...
Fig. 6. Roughness (Sa) box plot
Fig. 6. Roughness (Sa) box plot
Fig. 5. 3D profile
Fig. 5. 3D profile
Fig. 4. CLSM
Fig. 4. CLSM
Fig. 3. SEM for localization of EDX analysis
Fig. 3. SEM for localization of EDX analysis
Fig. 2. SEM. White arrow (→) exemplary mark the droplet like shape of surface as described in the text
Fig. 2. SEM. White arrow (→) exemplary mark the droplet like shape of surface as described in the text
Fig. 1. Diagram of different implant areas used for sampling. 1) Machined (untreated) area. 2) rough (treated) area
Fig. 1. Diagram of different implant areas used for sampling. 1) Machined (untreated) area. 2) rough (treated) area
 Â
Amplitude parameters
Group
Name
Sa (μm)
Machined area
WhiteSKY
...
Element composition/semi-quantitative evaluation
Location
Type
Zr at %min–at %max
Hf at %
Y at %min–at %max...
NoneTable 1 Five commercially available ceramic implants and surface characteristics
Beger, B., Goetz, H., Morlock, M. et al. In vitro surface characteristics and impurity analysis of five different commercially available dental zirconia implants.
Int J Implant Dent 4, 13 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-018-0124-8
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Received: 11 December 2017
Accepted: 08 February 2018
Published: 26 April 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-018...
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were m...
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Beger B, Goetz H, Morlock M, Schiegnitz E, and Al-Nawas B declare that they have no competing interests.
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Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131, Mainz, Germany
B. Beger, M. Morlock, E. Schiegnitz & B. Al-Nawas
Biomaterials in Medicine (BioAPP), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
H. Goetz
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Papanagiotou HP, Morgano SM, Giordano RA, Pober R. In vitro evaluation of low-temperature aging effects and finishing procedures on the flexural strength and structural stability of Y-TZP dental ceramics. J Prosthet Dent. 2006;96(3):154–64.
Ewais OH, Al Abbassy F, Ghoneim MM, Aboushelib MN. Novel zirconia surface treatments for enhanced osseointegration: laboratory characterization. Int J Dent....
Ong JL, Carnes DL, Cardenas HL, Cavin R. Surface roughness of titanium on bone morphogenetic protein-2 treated osteoblast cells in vitro. Implant Dent. 1997;6(1):19–24.
Schwartz Z, Kieswetter K, Dean DD, Boyan BD. Underlying mechanisms at the bone-surface interface during regeneration. J Periodontal Res. 1997;32(1 Pt 2):166–71.
Al-Nawas B, Gotz H. Three-dimensional topographic and metrologic...
Jacobi-Gresser E, Huesker K, Schutt S. Genetic and immunological markers predict titanium implant failure: a retrospective study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013;42(4):537–43.
Wenz HJ, Bartsch J, Wolfart S, Kern M. Osseointegration and clinical success of zirconia dental implants: a systematic review. Int J Prosthodont. 2008;21(1):27–36.
Shulte W. The intra-osseous Al2O3 (Frialit) Tuebingen...
Aluminum oxide
Ceramic injection molding
Confocal laser scanning microscopy
Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
Hot isostatic pressing
Implant
Kilovolt
Millibar
Megapascal
Nanometer
Area roughness parameter
Scanning electron microscopy
Sandblasted, Large-grit, Acid-etched
Yttrium-stabilized tetragonal zirconium polycrystalline
Micrometer
New ceramic implants are showing a variety of surface characteristics due to different manufacturing processes as shown by other groups [2, 28]. The surface structures of the investigated implants are close to titanium implants. If the surface characteristics really have a high influence on osseointegration, ceramic implants cannot yet compare to the long experience with titanium. However, there a...
The semi-quantitative energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) can be used to further analyze the components of the implant surface. None of the implants showed any impurity or unexpected results. Implants 4 and 5 showed yttrium under the detection limit in the EDX analysis. This could be caused by the lower dosage of yttrium endowment in the stabilization processing in comparison to other impla...
The surface shape (droplet-like surface), which was observed in the SEM samples, can be caused due to the sintering process in which ceramic powder was melted and then formed. Different particle, immersion, and droplet sizes can also change due to possible reasons like usage of various types and dosages of acid for the etching process and change of exposure time to acid effect. A longer exposure t...
Implant surface characteristics are of ongoing scientific interest. Implants made from titanium are still the most common to be used. Titanium implants are made from alpha-beta alloy which consists of 6% aluminum and 4% vanadium (Ti-6Al-4V). These materials have low density, high strength, and resistance to fatigue and corrosion, and their modulus of elasticity is closer to the bone than any other...
Implant 2 (Sa 1.27 μm ± 0.24) and implant 5 (Sa 1.22 μm ± 0.36) show the highest roughness values (Sa) of all tested implants: Straumann’s pure ceramic implant was blasted and etched and shows the overall highest Sa value in the rough area. Implant 3 (vitaclinical) shows correspondingly lower Sa around 1.05 μm (± 0.17) (Table 3). The lowest Sa value could be found in implant ...
SEM micrographs presented in Fig. 2 demonstrate the dissimilarity of the sample surface microstructure. Implant 1 shows an overall smoother surface and a slaty-like surface without evidence of a typical etching process. The surface shows sparse roughness. Implants 2–4 show deep markings from their brand’s specific etching and sandblasting processes. In × 10,000 magnification, immersions ca...
Subsequently, the depth map images are imported in the SPIP™ 4.2.6 (Image Metrology) software for roughness and texture evaluation. According to the ISO 25178-2 reference, all surface roughness parameters implemented in SPIP™ are evaluated and classified as amplitude, hybrid, functional, and spatial parameters. Selected values are shown in Table 3.
Analysis of the element composition of the implant surfaces by means of energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) was performed with an INCA Energy 350 system (Oxford Instruments, Wiesbaden, Germany) coupled with the SEM Quanta 200 FEG (Fig. 2). Similar to the micro-morphological presentation, each implant was divided into comparable sites of interest. Typical areas were selected and evaluated (...
The following five commercially available dental zirconia implants were used in this study (Table 1). Bredent whiteSKY™ implant (I1) is made from unground Brezirkon™, an yttrium oxide (Y2O3)-stabilized tetragonal polycrystalline zirconium oxide and is sandblasted. Zirconium oxide is endowed with 3 mol% yttrium oxide to gain a rectangle and room temperature stable structure [17]. Straumann® ...
Dental implants have become a well-established treatment method for oral rehabilitation after tooth loss. Pure titanium is still the material of choice when it comes to dental intraosseous implants and has been used for decades. However, titanium implants have esthetic limitations, especially in the front aspect of the maxillary jaw. The recession of the gingiva can lead to visible implant necks. ...
The aim of this study was to assess surface characteristics, element composition, and surface roughness of five different commercially available dental zirconia implants.
Five zirconia implants (Bredent whiteSKY™ (I1), Straumann® PURE Ceramic (I2), ceramic.implant vitaclinical (I3), Zeramex® (I4), Ceralog Monobloc M10 (I5)) were evaluated.
The evaluation was performed by means of scanning el...
Fig. 5. Mean and standard deviation of the biomechanical data at both observation periods (P > 0.05). a Removal torque. b Removal energy. c Connection stiffness
Fig. 5. Mean and standard deviation of the biomechanical data at both observation periods (P > 0.05). a Removal torque. b Removal energy. c Connection stiffness
Fig. 4. Comparison among secant and tangent methods to calculate the connection stiffness values, which reveals the absence of mathematical discrepancy
Fig. 4. Comparison among secant and tangent methods to calculate the connection stiffness values, which reveals the absence of mathematical discrepancy
Fig. 3. Representative curve of the torque test for implants. a Graph of torque versus angular displacement with linear regression curve, and equation, representing the connection stiffness. b Determination procedure of unscrewing implant work up to test’s maximum torque
Fig. 3. Representative curve of the torque test for implants. a Graph of torque versus angular displacement with linear r...
Fig. 2. Adaptation of Shimadzu universal testing machine for performing removal torque test of dental implants. a General view. b Assembly detail of connection between Allen keys socket and the implant placed in the tibia
Fig. 2. Adaptation of Shimadzu universal testing machine for performing removal torque test of dental implants. a General view. b Assembly detail of connection between Allen...
Fig. 1. Two pairs of implants (10 mm × 4 mm, L × Ø) from each of the experimental groups were placed in each tibia with an alternating fashion in terms of medio-distal positioning regarding the group, but with the first group chosen at random. Implants were placed with an inter-implant distance of 1 cm
Fig. 1. Two pairs of implants (10 mm × 4 mm, L × Ø) from each of...
  Â
Removal torque
Removal energy
Connection stiffness
Spearman’s rho
Removal torque
Coefficient
...
Â
Sum of squares
df
Mean square
F
Sig. (P value)
Removal torque
Between groups
...
de Jesus, R.N.R., Carrilho, E., Antunes, P.V. et al. Interfacial biomechanical properties of a dual acid-etched versus a chemically modified hydrophilic dual acid-etched implant surface: an experimental study in Beagles.
Int J Implant Dent 4, 28 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-018-0139-1
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Received: 01 February 2018
Accepted: 29 May 2018
Published: 2...
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were m...
The animal experimental protocol was approved by the Bioethics Committee for Animal Experimentation (CEUA, protocol no. 098/10) at the Federal University of Uberlândia.
Rainde Naiara Rezende de Jesus, Eunice Carrilho, Pedro V. Antunes, AmÃlcar Ramalho, Camilla Christian Gomes Moura, Andreas Stavropoulos, and Darceny Zanetta-Barbosa declare that they have no competing interests.
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RNRJ participated in the study concept and design and performed the animal operations, biomechanical test, and data analysis and interpretation. EC, PVA, and AR contributed to define the test protocol and performed the biomechanical test and data analysis. CCGM and DZ participated in the study concept and desig...
Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Carl Gustafs väg 34, 205-06, Malmö, Sweden
Rainde Naiara Rezende de Jesus & Andreas Stavropoulos
IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Av. Bissaya Barreto, Bloco de Celas, 3000-075, Coimbra, Portugal
Rainde Naiara Rezende de Jesus & Eunice Carrilho
CEMUC, Mechanical Engineering Department, University of ...
The assistance of fifth-year dental students of the Federal University of Uberlândia in surgeries, including auscultation, and other practicalities is highly appreciated.
The Brazilian Federal Agency for Support and Evaluation of Graduate Education (CAPES research fellow, Full PhD Program, process no. 0975-14.1) provided funding and Neodent® (Curitiba, PR, Brazil) produced the titanium implants...
Kim S, Lee S, Cho I, Kim S, Kim T. Rotational resistance of surface-treated mini-implants. Angle Orthod. 2009;79(5):899–907. https://doi.org/10.2319/090608-466.1.
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de Jesus RNR, Stavropoulos A, Oliveira MTF, Soares PBF, Moura CCG, Zanetta-Barbosa D. Histomorphometric evaluation of a dual acid-etched vs. a chemically modified hydrophilic dual acid-etched implant surface. An experimental study in dogs. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2017;28(5):551–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/clr.12833.
Frost HM. Skeletal structural adaptations to mechanical usage (SATMU): 1. Redefi...
Boyan BD, Cheng A, Olivares-Navarrete R, Schwartz Z. Implant surface design regulates mesenchymal stem cell differentiation and maturation. Adv Dent Res. 2016;28(1):10–7. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034515624444.
Mamalis AA, Silvestros SS. Analysis of osteoblastic gene expression in the early human mesenchymal cell response to a chemically modified implant surface: an in vitro study. Clin Oral ...
Wall I, Donos N, Carlqvist K, Jones F, Brett P. Modified titanium surfaces promote accelerated osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells in vitro. Bone. 2009;45(1):17–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2009.03.662.
Mamalis AA, Markopoulou C, Vrotsos I, Koutsilirieris M. Chemical modification of an implant surface increases osteogenesis and simultaneously reduces osteoclastogenesis...
Cochran DL, Jackson JM, Jones AA, Jones JD, Kaiser DA, Taylor TD, et al. A 5-year prospective multicenter clinical trial of non-submerged dental implants with a titanium plasma-sprayed surface in 200 patients. J Periodontol. 2011;82(7):990–9. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2011.100464.
Wallkamm B, Ciocco M, Ettlin D, Syfrig B, Abbott W, Listrom R, et al. Three-year outcomes of Straumann Bone Level...
Chemically modified sandblasted, large grit, and acid-etched surfaces
Sandblasted, large grit, and acid-etched surfaces
Neodent, Rua Benjamin Lins, 742, Curitiba, PR 80420–100, Brazil
Shimadzu Corporation, Nishinokyo Kuwabara-cho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604–8511, Japan
IBM Corporation v.23, 1 New Orchard Road, Armonk, New York 10, 504–1722, USA
No significant differences were observed between the specific hydrophilic (SAE-HD) and hydrophobic (SAE) surfaces evaluated in this study, in terms of biomechanical properties during the early osseointegration period.
In fact, the observed lack of differences between the groups could be attributed to the relatively low number of specimens per group. According to the observed data herein, applying a high power (80%) with the present sample size would had revealed a relatively large difference in removal torque equivalent to 43% between the experimental groups. Regarding removal energy and connection stiffness, t...
On the other hand, lack of significant differences between the two groups in the present experiment could be due to the fact that the effect of hydrophilicity, in terms of accelerating bone healing and osseointegration, was unfolded before the first evaluation time-point of 2Â weeks, i.e., during the very early healing period. Consistently, pre-clinical investigations show the potential of chemica...
Improving surface wettability aims to increase the implant surface area achieving most favorable protein adsorption and cellular adhesion and thereby to positively regulate the biological response at the initial osseointegration process. Thus, the superior potential of superhydrophilic surfaces in enhancing osseointegration at early stages of bone formation may also enhance their load-bearing capa...
No remarkable events were observed during the surgical procedures and the subsequent healing period. The relative biomechanical performance of both experimental implant surfaces is illustrated in a representative graph of removal torque versus angular displacement. The removal torque, removal energy, and connection stiffness values are described in terms of mean, standard deviation, and 95% confid...
To assess the biomechanical strength of the bone-implant interface, the following parameters were assessed: (a) maximum removal torque (NÂ cm) (primary outcome measure), obtained during the unscrewing process (primary outcome measure); (b) connection stiffness (NÂ cm/rad), corresponding to the ratio between removal torque and angular displacement (secondary outcome measure); and (c) removal energy...
Six male Beagle dogs (~ 1.5 years old), weighting between 13 and 15 kg, were used in the present study. All animals were acclimatized in the experimental animal care facility of Federal University of Uberlândia for 2 weeks previously to the experimental procedures and randomly pair-housed in standard shelters (1 × 1.5 m kennel) to allow environmental enrichment (i.e., variety of toys, ...
The present preclinical in vivo study is reported according to the Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments (ARRIVE) guidelines, in regard with relevant items [33]. The animal experimental protocol was approved by the Bioethics Committee for Animal Experimentation (CEUA, protocol no. 098/10) at the Federal University of Uberlândia and followed the normative guidelines of the National Cou...
Evaluation of biological effects and biomechanical properties of innovative technologies in the field of implant dentistry in preclinical animal models, prior to translational research, complies with standard regulations [33]. Thus, the aim of this preclinical animal study was to evaluate the effect of surface microtopography and chemistry on the biomechanical properties of implants with a sandbla...
The progressive evolution of oral implant surface technology (i.e., micro to nanotopography and chemical composition) [1, 2], implant macrogeometry, surgical procedures [3,4,5], and loading protocols [6,7,8] has resulted in high survival and clinical success rates [9]. Accordingly, chemically active micro and nanostructured implant surfaces, presenting moderate surface roughness (Ra/Sa values betw...
In this study, no significant differences were observed between the specific hydrophilic (SAE-HD) and hydrophobic (SAE) surfaces evaluated, in terms of biomechanical properties during the early osseointegration period.
The high survival clinical success rates of osseointegration are requisites for establishing a long-term biomechanical fixation and load-bearing potential of endosseous oral implants. The objective of this preclinical animal study was to evaluate the effect of surface microtopography and chemistry on the early stages of biomechanical rigidity with a sandblasted, dual acid-etched surface, with or w...