Data were presented as mean and standard deviation (SD) values. Data were explored for normality by checking data distribution and histograms, calculating mean and median values, and finally using Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests of normality. Stress data showed non-parametric distribution, so the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare between the types of implants. The Mann-Whitney U test with Bonferroni’s adjustment was used for pair-wise comparisons when the Kruskal-Wallis test is significant. The Mann-Whitney U test was also used to compare between the two crown types. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare between axial and off-axial loads.

The significance level was set at P ≤ 0.05. Statistical analysis was performed with IBM (IBM Corporation, NY, USA) SPSS (SPSS, Inc., an IBM Company) Statistics Version 20 for Windows.