Patient
M. salivarium
V. parvula
S. aureus
P. gingivalis
P. micra
T. forsythia
Fungal organisms
1
7.05E + 01
7.00E + 01
-
...
Patient
M. salivarium
V. parvula
S. aureus
P. gingivalis
P. micra
T. forsythia
Fungal organisms
1
-
2.26E + 03
-
1...
Patient
Severity
M. salivarium
V. parvula
S. aureus
P. gingivalis
P. micra
T. forsythia
Fungal organisms
1
i-m
-
7.96E + 04
...
Species
Gene
Primer/probe
Sequences (5′-3′)
Aspergillus spp. plus
ITS2
aspe-F
CTG TCC GAG CGT CAT TG
Penicillium spp.
pen1-F
...
Species
Gene
Primer/probe
Sequences (5′-3′)
Mycoplasma salivarium
rpoB
msali-F
CCG TCA AAT GAT TTC GAT TGC
msali-R
GAA CTG CTT GAC GTT GCA TGT T
...
Schwarz, F., Becker, K., Rahn, S. et al. Real-time PCR analysis of fungal organisms and bacterial species at peri-implantitis sites. Int J Implant Dent 1, 9 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-015-0010-6
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Received: 16 January 2015
Accepted: 11 March 2015
Published: 21 April 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-015-0010-6
Frank Schwarz, Kathrin Becker, Sebastian Rahn, Andrea Hegewald, Klaus Pfeffer, and Birgit Henrich declare that they have no competing interests.
FS, BH, and KP have made substantial contributions to study conception and design, analysis, and interpretation of data as well as manuscript preparation. KB performed the statistical analysis. AH and SR were involved in data acquisition. All authors rea...
Department of Oral Surgery, Westdeutsche Kieferklinik, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
Frank Schwarz & Andrea Hegewald
Department of Orthodontics, Westdeutsche Kieferklinik, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
Kathrin Becker
Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich Heine University, Univer...
We kindly appreciate the skills and commitment of Ms. Dana Belick (Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf) in the DNA preparation and bacterial analysis and the Jürgen Manchot Foundation for financial support.
Hultin M, Gustafsson A, Hallstrom H, Johansson LA, Ekfeldt A, Klinge B. Microbiological findings and host response in patients with peri-implantitis. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2002;13:349–58.
Engel LD, Kenny GE. Mycoplasma salivarium in human gingival sulci. J Periodontal Res. 1970;5:163–71.
Jarvensivu A, Hietanen J, Rautemaa R, Sorsa T, Richardson M. Candida yeasts in chronic periodontitis ti...
McDonald RR, Antonishyn NA, Hansen T, Snook LA, Nagle E, Mulvey MR, et al. Development of a triplex real-time PCR assay for detection of Panton-Valentine leukocidin toxin genes in clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:6147–9.
Morillo JM, Lau L, Sanz M, Herrera D, Martin C, Silva A. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction based on si...
Lindhe J, Meyle J, Group DoEWoP. Peri-implant diseases: consensus report of the sixth European workshop on periodontology. J Clin Periodontol. 2008;35:282–5.
Mombelli A, Decaillet F. The characteristics of biofilms in peri-implant disease. J Clin Periodontol. 2011;38 Suppl 11:203–13.
Heitz-Mayfield LJ. Peri-implant diseases: diagnosis and risk indicators. J Clin Periodontol. 2008;35:292–30...
Bleeding on probing
Mycoplasma salivarium
Porphyromonas gingivalis
Parvimonas micra
Probing pocket depth
Staphylococcus aureus
Tannerella forsythia
Veillonella parvula
Within the limitations of the present analysis, it was concluded that Candida spp. and other fungal organisms were frequently identified at peri-implantitis as well as healthy implant sites and co-colonized with P. micra and T. forsythia.
Furthermore, the present analysis failed to identify any significant correlation of either fungal organisms or disease severity with opportunistic bacteria, such as M. salivarium, V. parvula, and S. aureus. At tooth sites, M. salivarium was mainly isolated from the sulcus area and associated with gingivitis lesions [27]. Interestingly, S. aureus has only been identified at one single peri-implanti...
The present study aimed at analyzing and correlating fungal organisms with several periodontopathogenic and opportunistic bacterial species at peri-implantitis sites using real-time PCR. These outcomes were compared with those noted at healthy implant sites as well as teeth with a history of periodontitis.
Basically, the present analysis has pointed to a high prevalence of fungal organisms in sub...
The Kendall-Tau-b coefficients failed to reveal any significant correlations between the presence of fungal organisms and the proportions of M. salivarium (0.25), V. parvula (0.34), P. gingivalis (0.60), P. micra (0.32), T. forsythia (0.12), and S. aureus (0.66) (P > 0.05, respectively).
According to the given definition, the present analysis was based on a total of n = 13 initial to moderate and n = 6 advanced peri-implantitis lesions (n = 19 patients), 10 healthy implant sites (n = 10 patients), as well as 10 teeth with a history of periodontitis (n = 10 out of 19 patients suffering from peri-implantitis).
The analysis of fungal organisms as well as of M. sa...
The statistical analysis was performed using a commercially available software program (SPSS Statistics 22.0, IBM Corp., Ehningen, Germany). Kendall-Tau-b correlation coefficients were calculated to evaluate the dependence between fungal organisms, bacterial species as well as disease severity (i.e., initial to moderate and advanced sites). Results were considered statistically significant at P
In the peri-implantitis group, one additional subgingival plaque sample was obtained from partially edentulous patients with a history of periodontitis (n = 10) and obtained at a tooth exhibiting the highest PD but no signs of acute periodontal disease (i.e., BOP/no suppuration). None of these teeth were located adjacent to the sampled implant sites. The control samples were also prepared for ...
A total of 29 partially or fully edentulous patients were consecutively recruited from the Department of Oral Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany, between April 2013 and July 2014. Nineteen patients (7 men and 13 women; mean age 58.8 ± 12.6 years) suffered from initial to moderate or advanced peri-implantitis, while ten patients (6 men and 4 women; mean age 55.2 ± 1...
There is considerable evidence supporting the view that peri-implant diseases are infectious in nature and mainly linked to an uncontrolled accumulation of bacterial plaque biofilms [1]. Basically, diseased implant sites are dominated by gram-negative anaerobic bacteria and therefore feature microbiological characteristics similar to those noted for chronic periodontal infections [2]. Even though ...
The potential role of fungal organisms and their co-aggregation with either periodontopathogens or opportunistic pathogens at peri-implantitis sites is unknown. The aim of the present study was to qualitatively/quantitatively analyze and correlate fungal organisms and bacterial species at peri-implantitis sites.
In a total of 29 patients, submucosal/subgingival plaque samples were collected at pe...