From a basic perspective, the interface between the host cell and a bone substitute particle should be between 10 and 100 nm, and the cells themselves range in size from 30 to 50 μm to hundreds of μm, indicating that neither a mobile environment nor an environment with abundant tissue fluid would promote the formation of new bone. Since the first firms to produce bone replacements concentrated on making their products' macroscopic structure resemble human bone, many others have attempted to do the same, with even greater attention to the microscopic structure. It has been established, therefore, that the creation of channels and the mesoscopic structure are more crucial for promoting quicker angiogenesis and accelerating the remodeling process in order to create trabecular anastomosis. What is the best bony substitute? It has been proposed that any bony substitute that has a pebbled look, a high-temperature damaged and glassified surface, or a non-porous surface should not be chosen as bone grafting material.

Before the bone grafting surgery, physicians should take into account the following environmental factors:

1. Wound opening: take into account if the wound is closed or open at the time of operation.
2. Defect shape: take into account if the defect shape is confined or non-contained.
3. Grafting material: take into account whether or not the grafting material will be combined with the other material.
4. Type of barrier membrane: take into account whether a resorbable or non-resorbable membrane will be used to cover the defect.
5. Closing the wound: think about whether it will be closed or open.