Table 3 . The pH value of various alloplastic and xenograft bone substitutes which are available in Korea

Product Name (type)	Donor	Origin	Company	pH average (pH experimental 1/ experimental 2)
OSTEON (GBG0510)	Alloplast	Bioactive β-TCP coating (HA:β-TCP=70:30)	GENOSS	7.10 (7.09/7.11)
OSTEON II (DTT70G0510200)	Alloplast	Synthetic bone grafting material (HA:β-TCP=30:70)	GENOSS	7.01 (6.90/7.11)
OSTEON III (3G0510050)	Alloplast	Ca-P coated bone grafting material (HA:β-TCP=60:40)	GENOSS	7.28 (7.30/7.28)
OCS-H (4-0210-025)	Equine	Natural bovine bone	Nibec	7.61 (7.63/7.59)
THE Graft (TG-A05(0.5cc)	Porcine	Porcine base, cancellous granules	Purgo	7.28 (7.26/7.29)
InterOss (IOSG050)	Bovine	Natural bovine bone	SigmaGraft	7.99 (7.97/8.01)
Ti-Oss (25-0512)	Bovine	Natural bovine bone	Chiyewon	Old (product 2011-09-07): 9.80 (9.79/9.81) New (product 2014-06-27): 7.20 (7.20/7.19)
OssCon-G (REF G5025)	Bovine	Spongious bone	ALLSBIOMED	8.07 (8.02/8.12)
A-Oss (BBS02)	Bovine	Natural bovine bone	Osstem	7.61 (7.67/7.55)
OCS-B (1-0210-025)	Bovine	Natural bovine bone	Nibec	7.74 (7.76/7.71)
InduCera Dual Coat(REF 3201)	Bovine	Ca-P coated deproteinated bovine bone powder	Oscotec	6.79 (6.80/6.77)
BioCera (REF 1106)	Bovine	Ca-P coated deproteinated bovine bone powder	Oscotec	7.01 (7.01/7.01)
Bio-Oss (Geistlich Bio-Oss)	Bovine	Spongious bone	Geistlich	7.75 (7.75/7.75)
Cerabone (REF 1510)	Bovine	Natural bovine bone	Botiss dental	10.32 (10.31/10.33)

There was no sign of new bone formation in biopsy samples taken from clinical cases of bone replacements with comparatively higher basic pH values, and the fibrous stroma was badly degraded without host reaction, or inflammation. The biopsy samples of one example where collagenous foreign material, Gelfoam (Pfizer, USA), was employed to preserve the socket profile immediately after tooth extraction show fascinating bubbling appearances and severely sclerosed fibrous tissue without an inflammatory reaction.

According to some surgeons, it would be preferable to insert collagenous material into the extraction socket in order to maintain the soft tissue profile. This would allow them to implant a dental implant in 4–8 weeks and, if needed, easily complete the bone grafting treatment at the same time. There are many different collagenous materials available on the market, but no research has been done to show how they differ from one another.