Table 3. Subgroup analysis of associations between cigarette usage and periodontal disease stratified by covariates|palmerah.implantgigi.com

	Non‐use	Electronic cigarette		Conventional cigarette		Ex‐use
	Adjusted OR	Adjusted OR	95% CI	Adjusted OR	95% CI	Adjusted OR	95% CI
Male
Self‐reported oral health status
High	1.00	3.84	(1.15–12.75)	1.47	(0.80–2.73)	0.83	(0.48–1.44)
Middle	1.00	1.95	(0.88–4.35)	2.04	(1.42–2.92)	1.22	(0.87–1.70)
Low	1.00	2.49	(1.40–4.42)	2.56	(1.94–3.39)	1.52	(1.14–2.03)
Educational level
Middle school or less	1.00	2.21	(0.76–6.40)	2.20	(1.41–3.45)	1.14	(0.78–1.66)
High school	1.00	2.05	(0.98–4.27)	2.06	(1.41–2.99)	1.35	(0.94–1.94)
College and beyond	1.00	2.51	(1.35–4.66)	2.39	(1.72–3.31)	1.33	(0.98–1.82)
Region
Urban	1.00	2.16	(1.04–4.51)	1.96	(1.44–2.68)	1.22	(0.89–1.67)
Rural	1.00	2.64	(1.54–4.51)	2.31	(1.74–3.08)	1.30	(1.01–1.66)
Dental caries
Yes	1.00	1.99	(0.93–4.26)	2.43	(1.68–3.52)	1.28	(0.89–1.83)
No	1.00	2.58	(1.53–4.36)	2.00	(1.54–2.59)	1.24	(0.97–1.58)
Toothache within a year
Yes	1.00	1.99	(0.96–4.15)	1.95	(1.42–2.69)	1.22	(0.88–1.69)
No	1.00	2.68	(1.57–4.58)	2.38	(1.79–3.18)	1.33	(1.02–1.74)
Experienced dental damage
Yes	1.00	3.12	(1.31–7.41)	2.93	(1.68–5.10)	1.04	(0.61–1.75)
No	1.00	3.15	(0.45–22.01)	2.48	(1.05–5.88)	1.76	(0.81–3.82)
Female
Self‐reported oral health status
High	1.00	4.14	(2.43–7.07)	2.41	(0.91–6.41)	0.78	(0.28–2.19)
Middle	1.00	6.34	(1.91–21.04)	1.69	(1.00–2.84)	0.64	(0.37–1.11)
Low	1.00	0.92	(0.25–3.45)	1.59	(1.11–2.29)	1.26	(0.86–1.86)
Educational level
Middle school or less	1.00	4.25	(0.54–33.29)	1.82	(1.17–2.83)	1.15	(0.73–1.82)
High school	1.00	0.96	(0.18–4.98)	1.91	(1.22–3.01)	1.06	(0.59–1.89)
College and beyond	1.00	2.39	(0.57–10.12)	1.17	(0.61–2.26)	0.83	(0.48–1.45)
Region
Urban	1.00	3.43	(0.83–14.25)	2.90	(1.92–4.38)	1.20	(0.78–1.83)
Rural	1.00	1.60	(0.54–4.68)	1.15	(0.80–1.65)	0.87	(0.57–1.31)
Dental caries
Yes	1.00	0.87	(0.19–3.93)	1.47	(0.97–2.25)	0.86	(0.49–1.49)
No	1.00	4.14	(1.20–14.20)	1.91	(1.34–2.74)	1.06	(0.74–1.53)
Toothache within a year
Yes	1.00	1.13	(0.30–4.32)	1.82	(1.21–2.74)	1.17	(0.76–1.81)
No	1.00	3.52	(1.16–10.68)	1.67	(1.15–2.42)	0.86	(0.57–1.29)
Experienced dental damage
Yes	1.00	2.16	(1.32–3.55)	2.04	(1.63–2.56)	1.33	(1.08–1.66)
No	1.00	2.22	(0.75–6.59)	1.66	(1.25–2.20)	0.93	(0.67–1.29)

Table 3. Subgroup analysis of associations between cigarette usage and periodontal disease stratified by covariates

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