Figure 2. poietic stem cells; MP, macrophages; OC, osteoclasts.
Figure 2. Summary of biological processes identified via gene expression during early peri-implant bone healing. CKs, cytokines; GFs, growth factors; EPC, endothelial progenitor cells; EC, endothelial cells; MSC, mesenchymal stem cells; OB, osteoblasts; ECM, extracellular matrix; HSC, haematopoietic stem cells; MP, macrophages; O...
Figure 1. Flowchart for study selection (
Figure 1. Flowchart for study selection ( n = number of studies).
Process
Upregulated genes
Category (gene code)
Inflammation/immune response
Pro-inflammatory cytokines
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF-a, TNFSF9)
Interleukin (IL-6, IL-2, IL-1 F9, IL-23A, ...
Study
Ivanovski et al. [
34
]
Donos et al. [
35
]
Bryington et al. [
36
]
Thalji et al. [
37
]
Design
9 patients; 9 implants placed
18 patients; 18 implants placed
10 patients;...
Category
Ivanovski et al. [ 34 ]
Donos et al. 2011 [ 35 ]
Bryington et al. [ 36 ]
Thalji et al. [ 37 ]
Study design
Comparison
None (only SLActive)
SLA vs. SLActive
TiOBlast vs. Osseospeed
TiOBlast vs. Osseospeed
Setting
University
University
University
University
Population, inclusion criteria
9 healthy volunteers with no mandibular thi...
Methodology
Ivanovski et al. [
34
]
Donos et al. [
35
]
Bryington et al. [
36
]
Thalji et al. [
37
]
Tissue harvesting
Tissue attached to implant carefully removed with a curette, preexisting hard tissue discarded
Tissue attached to ...
Shanbhag, S., Shanbhag, V. & Stavropoulos, A. Genomic analyses of early peri-implant bone healing in humans: a systematic review. Int J Implant Dent 1, 5 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-015-0006-2
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Received: 14 November 2014
Accepted: 27 January 2015
Published: 01 March 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-015-0006-2
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
SS conceived and carried out the study and drafted the manuscript. VS and AS participated in carrying out the study and drafting the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Carl Gustafs väg 34, 214 21, Malmö, Sweden
Siddharth Shanbhag & Andreas Stavropoulos
Centre for Oral Rehabilitation & Implant Dentistry, 1 Laxmi Niwas, 87 Bajaj Road, Vile Parle West, Mumbai, 400056, India
Siddharth Shanbhag & Vivek Shanbhag
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Berglundh T, Abrahamsson ...
Based on limited evidence of gene expression data from four studies involving 43 patients, the following remarks can be made:
Early peri-implant healing (2 weeks) involves a sequence of biological events which are similar to those observed in other bone wound healing scenarios (fractures, extraction-sockets).
Osseointegration depends on osteogenesis at the implant interface, but other simultane...
It can be hypothesized that peri-implant neurogenesis is one of the underlying mechanisms governing the phenomenon of osseoperception, defined as the tactile sensibility of osseointegrated implants to occlusal forces induced via activation of nerve endings and/or receptors in the peri-implant environment [82,83]. Moreover, recent evidence suggests that implant surface properties may influence the ...
In the present review, a significant simultaneous upregulation of several angiogenesis-related genes was identified at day 7 in all included studies. Pro-angiogenic factors (ANXA2, EPAS-1) were upregulated at TiOBlast and Osseospeed surfaces at day 7 [37]. Genes associated with VEGF and P13K-AKT signaling pathways were upregulated at SLActive (but not SLA) surfaces on day 7 and continued to be upr...
Furthermore, genes associated with collagen fibril formation/organization (heat-shock protein-47 (HSP-47), pro-collagen C-endopeptidase enhancer (PCOLCE), small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRP)) and post-translational modification (pro-collagen lysyl-hydroxylases (PLOD1, PLOD2, PLOD3) and lysyl-oxidase (LOX)) were upregulated on Osseospeed and TiOBlast surfaces [37]. Collagen comprises approximat...
The key signaling pathways, via which GFs guide osteogenic cell differentiation, are the TGF-β/BMP- and Wnt-mediated pathways [19,47]. While the BMP pathway ensures differentiation of MSCs into osteo-chondro-progenitors (OCPs), the Wnt pathway is essential for subsequent osteoblastic commitment, i.e., Wnt acts ‘downstream’ of BMP to ensure that OCPs differentiate into osteoblasts and not chon...
Cells along the osteogenic differentiation pathway may be artificially categorized as (1) undifferentiated MSCs, (2) osteo-chondro-progenitor cells, (3) pre-osteoblasts, and (4) osteoblasts; although in reality, a developmental continuum without distinct boundaries may exist [43]. While pre-differentiated osteoblasts in the marrow compartment only play a minor role in bone wound healing, a more pr...
Thus, high risk of bias should be considered when interpreting the results, due to the above methodological limitations and the overall limited information (four studies) available.
Conventional implant surgery involves osteotomy preparation and insertion of the implant into the alveolar bone. The immediate local effects of this procedure, functionally relevant to subsequent healing processes, ar...
The included studies basically report on commercially available implants from two major manufacturers and involve comparisons of different implant surface technologies in regard with topography and/or chemistry modifications within each implant system. Various analyses were performed in the included studies; however, an attempt has been made to synthesize the various findings and discuss them here...
Both reviewers independently extracted data from the full texts of included articles using specially designed forms. Data on author(s), study design, implant type/surface, any additional procedures performed, number of patients (in each group), presence of a control group, procedure and time of implant retrieval, methods of gene expression analysis, and main results, were extracted. Descriptive su...
A study protocol for a systematic qualitative literature review was developed based on recommended methods [29]. The focused question was ‘what biological processes are reflected by gene expression analyses in peri-implant tissues of humans during the early stages (up to 4 weeks) of healing?’
All studies, controlled (using different implants) or uncontrolled, reporting gene expression analys...
Recent in vitro [24] and preclinical in vivo [25] studies have focused on the early molecular biological responses to various titanium implant surfaces. Understanding these early responses is essential for efforts aiming to accelerate and enhance the process of osseointegration [26]. Upregulation or downregulation of specific genes in peri-implant tissues identified by analyses of genetic material...
Osseointegrated oral implants are an integral part of modern reconstructive dentistry and are associated with favorable long-term therapeutic outcomes [1]. Osseointegration was originally defined as the direct contact between vital bone and a load-bearing implant observed at the light microscopic, i.e., histological, level [2]. Morphogenesis of implant osseointegration has been assessed in several...
The objective of the study was to systematically review the literature for studies reporting gene expression analyses (GEA) of the biological processes involved in early human peri-implant bone healing.
Electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE) were searched in duplicate. Controlled and uncontrolled studies reporting GEA of human peri-implant tissues - including ≥5 patients and ≥2 time points - ...