Fig. 3. Proportion of dental implant FEA articles with a validation. (Left) Among totally 522 FEA articles of dental implants which we were able to access English full text up to January 2017, there are only 47 articles with a validation. (Right) The articles with a validation were categorized according to their validation method as follows levels: A, in vivo (human bodies); B, performed in vivo...
Fig. 2. Hierarchy of validations based on their similarity to real biomechanical behaviors. The articles (n = 47) were categorized according to their validation method as follows: in vivo experiments in humans (n = 1) and other animals (n = 3), model experiments (n = 32), others’ clinical data and past literature (n = 9), and other software (n = 2)
Fig. 2. Hierarchy ...
Fig. 1. Flowchart of literature review. An electronic literature search of PubMed was conducted up to January 2017 using the Medical Subject Headings “dental implants” and “finite element analysis.” After accessing the full texts, the context of each article was searched using the words “valid” and “validation” and articles in which these words appeared were read to determine whe...
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Chang, Y., Tambe, A.A., Maeda, Y. et al. Finite element analysis of dental implants with validation: to what extent can we expect the model to predict biological phenomena? A literature review and proposal for classification of a validation process.
Int J Implant Dent 4, 7 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-018-0119-5
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Received: 05 November 2017
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Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were m...
Yuanhan Chang, Abhijit Anil Tambe, Yoshinobu Maeda, Masahiro Wada, and Tomoya Gonda declare that they have no competing interests.
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Department of Prosthodontics, Gerodontology and Oral Rehabilitation, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
Yuanhan Chang, Yoshinobu Maeda, Masahiro Wada & Tomoya Gonda
Mahatma Gandhi Vidyamandir’s Karmaveer Bhausaheb Hiray Dental College & Hospital, Mumbai Agra Road, Panchwati, Nashik, Maharashtra, India
Abhijit Anil Tambe
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High-level validation of FEA using in vivo experiments is still rare in the dental implant field.
It is necessary to clearly indicate the validation process of the model when a study using FEA is presented.
The hierarchy proposed in this study based on the evidence level of the validations can be applied to evaluate the clinical significance of studies using FEA.
To explain or analyze the mechanical properties involved in biological phenomena such as motor tasks (mastication, walking, or heart contraction), a time-dependent finite element model may provide a more realistic view. However, if time-dependent performance criteria are considered (the most common is to clarify the influence of musculoskeletal structure on function or the performance of a motor t...
Because of the limitations of computer technology, most FEA models [75,76,77,78,79] simplify the skeletal muscle architecture in terms of a uniform fiber length, pennation angle, and line of action and represent the architecture using a Hill-based muscle model. However, how well the modeling of skeletal muscles as one-dimensional strings represents the behavior of the full three-dimensional muscle...
Table 1 shows all studies in the literature that considered the need for validation of FEAs. According to these studies, we established a hierarchy based on the evidence level of the validations (A to G, i.e., high to low) (Fig. 2).
Level A: validation using living humans
Level B: validation using living heterogeneous animals
Levels C and D: validation using homogenous and heterogeneous bone
...
Level E: model experiment performed using artificial materials (n = 23) [14, 25, 26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46]
Artificial materials such as acrylic resin, polyurethane, or plastic bone models were commonly used as embedded “bone” implants in validation experiments. Level E includes the use of special materials and specific methods to measure the force di...
We classified all validation processes based on their similarity to real biomechanical behaviors into the following hierarchy (levels A to G) (Fig. 2):
Level A: performed in vivo (human bodies) (n = 1) [10]
The top level of the hierarchy, level A, includes in vivo methods of FEA validation conducted in humans. In 2006, Heckmann et al. [10] quantified the degree of stress that occurs in the...
In total, 601 articles were obtained from the PubMed electronic search using the Medical Subject Headings “dental implants” and “finite element analysis.” After excluding articles for which the full text could not be accessed (n = 69) and that were not written in English (n = 10), 522 articles remained. These articles were searched using the terms “validation,” “validity,” ...
FEA studies with validation have recently become more common in the biomechanical field. FEA validations can be divided into two types: (1) direct validation, which involves experiments on the quantities of interest (from basic material characterizations to hierarchical system analysis such as model experiments and in vitro experiments), and (2) indirect validation, which involves the use of liter...
Finite element analysis (FEA) has been applied to investigate dental implant designs, the structure and material of the superstructure, and the stability of the surrounding bone [1, 2]. According to PubMed, only 10 FEA studies of dental implants were published in 1990, while 102 papers were published in 2014.
FEA has become an increasingly useful tool in the past few decades. In the medical field...
A literature review of finite element analysis (FEA) studies of dental implants with their model validation process was performed to establish the criteria for evaluating validation methods with respect to their similarity to biological behavior. An electronic literature search of PubMed was conducted up to January 2017 using the Medical Subject Headings “dental implants” and “finite element...