Pengukuran tulang (bone sounding)
Bone sounding atau transmucosal sounding (TS) adalah pengukuran yang digunakan untuk menentukan ketinggian seluruh cuff (manset) jaringan lunak pada berbagai kelompok gigi dan implant. Matra mukosa peri-implan dan gingiva pada letak gigi yang berdekatan dipelajari dengan pengukuran klinis yang dilakukan terutama pada subjek edentulous sebagian yang telah dirawa...
The implant device lacks tooth characteristic structures such as root cementum, periodontal ligament, and bundle bone (alveolar bone proper). The dento‐alveolar and the dento‐gingival fiber bundles connect the soft tissues with the tooth (root cementum), while no such fiber bundles are apparent in the peri‐implant tissues. At periodontally healthy sites, the margin of the gingiva follow...
Bone tissue in the edentulous ridge
In a study involving partially edentulous subjects, hard tissue biopsies were sampled from the maxilla and the mandible with the use of trephine drills. The bone tissue was found to include a blend of mainly lamellar bone (46%) and bone marrow (23%) with less amounts of fibrous (12%) and osteoid (4%) tissue. Bone marrow was the dominant tissu...
KERATINIZED MUCOSA (KM)
Keratinized mucosa is a term used to describe the masticatory mucosa that is present at many, but not all, implant sites. Keratinized mucosa extends from the margin of the peri‐implant mucosa to the movable lining (oral) mucosa. Keratinized mucosa is comprised of a lamina propria (fibrous connective tissue that contains fibroblasts and equal amounts of ty...
BONE SOUNDING
Bone sounding or transmucosal sounding (TS) is a measurement that is used to determine the height of the entire soft tissue cuff at various groups of teeth and implants. The dimensions of the peri‐implant mucosa and the gingiva at adjacent tooth sites was studied by clinical measurements performed mainly in partially edentulous subjects who had been treated with im...
PERI‐IMPLANT TISSUES IN CLINICAL HEALTH
The gingiva and the peri‐implant mucosa and their adhesion (seal) are consistently challenged by the oral environment, including the steady exposure to microorganisms in the biofilm present on the tooth and implant surfaces. In the clinically normal peri‐implant mucosa (and gingiva), the continuous host response includes both vascular ...
Animal studies
The dimension of the peri‐implant mucosa, often called the biological width or dimension, was examined in biopsies mainly obtained from studies in dogs. Such measurements disclosed that a certain width of soft tissue may be required to cover the peri‐implant bone. The studies referred to the length of the epithelium (from the peri‐implant mucosa margin to the...
The formation of the mucosal adhesion was studied in a dog model. One‐piece implant devices were placed in the edentulous mandible of dogs, and healing was monitored using light microscopic examination of biopsies sampled at different intervals during a 3‐month period. In the initial phase of the wound between the implant and cut connective tissue, a fibrin clot/coagulum formed that was inf...
PERI‐IMPLANT MUCOSA
Most information regarding the structural features of the peri‐implant mucosa is derived from animal studies using dog models. In such studies implants were placed in the edentulous ridge (alternatively, the fresh extraction socket), the outer osseous part of which was covered with masticatory mucosa. It was also shown that the healed peri‐implant mucosa on the buccal a...
Peri‐implant tissues are those that occur around osseointegrated dental implants. They are divided into soft and hard tissue compartments. The soft tissue compartment is denoted “peri‐implant mucosa” and is formed during the wound healing process that follows implant/abutment placement. The hard tissue compartment forms a contact relationship to the implant surface to secure implant stab...
Abstract
Objective
The aim is to define clinical and histologic characteristics of peri‐implant tissues in health and describe the mucosa–implant interface.
Importance
An understanding of the characteristics of healthy peri‐implant tissues facilitates the recognition of disease (i.e., departure from health).
Findings
The healthy peri‐implant mucosa is, at the microscopic ...