Dimension of the peri-implant mucosa : peri-implant health
Animal studies
The dimension of the peri‐implant mucosa, often called the biological width or dimension, was examined in biopsies mainly obtained from studies in dogs. Such measurements disclosed that a certain width of soft tissue may be required to cover the peri‐implant bone. The studies referred to the length of the epithelium (from the peri‐implant mucosa margin to the apical portion of the junctional epithelial) as about 2 mm, while the height of the zone of connective tissue adhesion exhibited more variation (between 1 and 2 mm). The experiments in the animal model included the study of different variables such as material used for the fabrication of the implant and/or the abutment, surgical placement protocol, implants/abutments with different surface texture, as well as so‐called implants with a “platform switching” implant/abutment design. The results obtained documented that while abutments made of gold alloy and dental porcelain failed to establish appropriate soft tissue adhesion, other variables had apparently limited effect on the dimensions of the peri‐implant mucosa.
It should be noted, however, that although animal models may provide valuable data valid for proof‐of‐principle issues, they may not completely recreate the anatomic, physiologic, biomechanical/functional, or pathologic environment of the clinical conditions in humans.
Human studies
Studies on the morphogenesis and morphology of the mucosa at implants in humans used block biopsies obtained from mini‐implants or from soft tissue dissection techniques from conventional or specially designed abutments. Tomasi et al. presented a de novo biopsy technique and reported on the morphogenesis of the peri‐implant mucosa at single implant sites in human volunteers. Soft tissue biopsies were sampled after 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks of healing following abutment connection. They reported that after 2 weeks large areas of the severed connective tissue were infiltrated with inflammatory cells, while after 4 weeks the infiltrated areas were smaller and a short barrier epithelium had formed in the interface zone. Sections representing later phases of observation exhibited continued healing of the connective tissue wound and the formation of a well‐defined barrier and sulcular epithelium in the marginal portion of the soft tissue samples. The height of the peri‐implant mucosa, measured along the profile of the soft tissue, increased during the healing phase from 2.7 mm at 2 weeks to between 3.0 and 3.5 mm after 4, 8, and 12 weeks. In the corresponding intervals the length of the epithelium varied between 2.2 and 2.0 mm, while the zone of connective tissue adhesion varied between 1.7 and 1.1 mm.
In summary, results from the available studies in man and from animal experiments are consistent and document that the peri‐implant mucosa is about 3 to 4 mm high with an epithelium that is about 2 mm long.
Serial posts:
- Peri‐implant health
- Introduction: Peri‐implant health
- Peri‐implant mucosa: peri-implant health
- Morphogenesis of the mucosal adhesion : peri-implant health
- Dimension of the peri-implant mucosa : peri-implant health
- Peri-implant tissues in clinical health : peri-implant health
- Bone sounding : peri-implant health
- Keratinized mucosa : peri-implant health
- Bone tissue around implants
- Major differences between healthy peri-implant & periodontal tissue
- Kesarasan peri-implant
- Pendahuluan: kesarasan peri‐implant
- Mukosa peri‐implant: kesarasan peri-implant
- Morfogenesis pelekatan mukosa : kesarasan peri-implant
- Dimensi mukosa peri-implant : peri-implant saras
- Jaringan peri-implant dalam kesarasan klinis : kesarasan peri-implant
- Pengukuran tulang : kesarasan peri-implant
- Mukosa berkeratin : peri-implant saras
- Jaringan tulang di sekeliling implant
- Perbedaan utama antara peri-implant saras & jaringan periodontal