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Fig. 7. The box plot shows the distribution of age...

Fig. 7. The box plot shows the distribution of age between the sex groups Fig. 7. The box plot shows the distribution of age between the sex groups

Fig. 6. Pie chart shows the distribution of loaded...

Fig. 6. Pie chart shows the distribution of loaded implants prosthetic restorations Fig. 6. Pie chart shows the distribution of loaded implants prosthetic restorations

Fig. 5. Pie charts shows the distribution of the d...

Fig. 5. Pie charts shows the distribution of the demographic datas of the patients Fig. 5. Pie charts shows the distribution of the demographic datas of the patients

Fig. 4. The crown-implant ratio measurement showin...

Fig. 4. The crown-implant ratio measurement showing a the length of the crown (red line) and b the length of the implant (red line) Fig. 4. The crown-implant ratio measurement showing a the length of the crown (red line) and b the length of the implant (red line)

Fig. 3. Fractal analysis stages. a Selected region...

Fig. 3. Fractal analysis stages. a Selected region of interest (ROI). b Cropped and duplicated version of ROI. c Addition of Gaussian filter. d Subtraction. e Addition of 128 pixels. f Binarized version. g Eroded version. h Dilated version. i Inverted version j Skeletonization Fig. 3. Fractal analysis stages. a Selected region of interest (ROI). b Cropped and duplicated version of ROI. c Addi...

Fig. 2. Region of interests (ROIs) were selected a...

Fig. 2. Region of interests (ROIs) were selected arbitrarily in a preoperative radiographic image and b a follow-up radiographic image Fig. 2. Region of interests (ROIs) were selected arbitrarily in a preoperative radiographic image and b a follow-up radiographic image

Fig. 1. Fractal dimension values measured from th...

Fig. 1. Fractal dimension values measured from the same area of interest on each panoramic radiograph over five different time intervals are shown in the figure. FD0, fractal dimension 0 (preoperative); FD1, fractal dimension 1 (0–1 months of follow-up); FD2, fractal dimension 2 (1–3 months of follow-up); FD3, fractal dimension 3 (6–12 months of follow-up); FD4, fractal dimension 4 ...

Table 2 Mean fractal dimension (FD) values before ...

 nMeanStandard deviationMinimumMaximumFD01301.2430.1520.7501.560FD11301.1130.2240.4051.510FD21301.1160.1960.4101.510FD3671.0920.2160.4301.500FD4671.0810.2470.4301.500Table 2 Mean fractal dimension (FD) values before and after implant insertion

Table 1 Distribution and description of FD1 and FD...

 Failure (n)Success (n)P valuePowerEffect sizeSexWomen3870.0240.680.21Men634FD190.82 ± 0.28 (mean)0.45 (min)–1.26 (max)1211.13 ± 0.25 (mean)0.41 (min)–1.51 (max)< 0.0010.991.45FD290.97 ± 0.24 (mean)0.61 (min)–1.36 (max)1211.13 ± 0.19 (mean)0.41 (min)–1.51 (max)0.0230.990.79Crown-implant Ratio26.51 ± 3.89 (mean)3.77 (min)–9.27 (max)654.61 ± 1.58 (mean)2.57 min)–10.67 (max)0.101...

About this article : Evaluation of the peri-implan...

Kış, H.C., Güleryüz Gürbulak, A. Evaluation of the peri-implant bone trabecular microstructure changes in short implants with fractal analysis. Int J Implant Dent 6, 13 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-020-00209-7 Download citation Received: 12 September 2019 Accepted: 12 March 2020 Published: 01 April 2020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-020-00209-7

Rights and permissions : Evaluation of the peri-im...

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material...

Additional information : Evaluation of the peri-im...

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Ethics declarations : Evaluation of the peri-impla...

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Hatice Cansu Kış and Ayşegül Güleryüz Gür...

Author information : Evaluation of the peri-implan...

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Nuh Naci Yazgan University, Kayseri, Turkey Hatice Cansu Kış Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey Ayşegül Güleryüz Gürbulak You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar AGG collecte...

Funding : Evaluation of the peri-implant bone trab...

The work was supported by the Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Radiology, Nuh Naci Yazgan University in Kayseri, Turkey.

Acknowledgements : Evaluation of the peri-implant ...

We would like to thank Editage (www.editage.com) for English language editing.

References : Evaluation of the peri-implant bone t...

Download references

References : Evaluation of the peri-implant bone t...

Mu T-J, Lee D-W, Park K-H, Moon I-S. Changes in the fractal dimension of peri-implant trabecular bone after loading: a retrospective study. Journal of periodontal & implant science. 2013;43(5):209–14. Zeytinoğlu M, İlhan B, Dündar N, Boyacioğlu H. Fractal analysis for the assessment of trabecular peri-implant alveolar bone using panoramic radiographs. Clinical oral investigations. 2015;19(2...

References : Evaluation of the peri-implant bone t...

Mandelbrot BB. The fractal geometry of nature: WH freeman New York; 1983. Sánchez I, Uzcátegui G. Fractals in dentistry. Journal of dentistry. 2011;39(4):273–92. Boutroy S, Bouxsein ML, Munoz F, Delmas PD. In vivo assessment of trabecular bone microarchitecture by high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2005;90(12):6508...

Abbreviations : Evaluation of the peri-implant bon...

Dental panoramic radiographs Fractal dimension 0 (preoperative) Fractal dimension 1 (0–1 months of follow-up) Fractal dimension 2 (1–3 months of follow-up) Fractal dimension 3 (6–12 months of follow-up) Fractal dimension 4 (12 + months of follow-up) Cone beam computed tomography Region of interest

Availability of data and materials : Evaluation of...

Not Applicable

Conclusion : Evaluation of the peri-implant bone t...

Fractal analysis is a useful method to measure the trabecular microstructure of bone in nonstandardized dental radiographs. The present study has a low power to reject the null hypothesis because of the low number of cases of failed implants. Therefore, further studies with a large sample size are warranted. Assessing a series of studies can provide certain cut-off values; this can enable to routi...

Discussion : Evaluation of the peri-implant bone t...

Fractal analysis of bone microstructure on dental radiographs may be useful for diagnostic applications; however, the histological microstructures of the bone cannot be visualized by any clinical imaging modality. Corpas et al. [12] stated that minor changes in bone occurring over a short-term period can be followed up with digital intraoral radiography; however, the results of radiographic fracta...

Discussion : Evaluation of the peri-implant bone t...

This study aimed to evaluate the microstructural changes in the peri-implant bone in patients with short implants in terms of the implant survival status by using fractal analysis measurements. In this study, a significant difference was found in the FD1 and FD2 values between the implant survival groups, and the mean FD1 and FD2 values of the success group were significantly higher than those of...

Results : Evaluation of the peri-implant bone trab...

Descriptive statistics were performed. The data were not normally distributed (p < 0.05). The intra-observer correlation coefficients of repeated measurements were 0.927, 0.889, 0.913, 0.988, 0.961, and 0.936 for FD0 (fractal dimension), FD1, FD2, FD3, FD4, and crown-implant ratio, respectively. Descriptive data are shown in Figs. 5, 6, and 7. A significant difference was found for sex between the...

Materials and methods : Evaluation of the peri-imp...

The crown-implant ratio was measured using the ImageJ version 1.38 software measuring tool in conjunction with a magnification tool. Each implant was measured from its bottom to the crown base and then from the crown base to its highest point (Fig. 4). All measurements were performed by a dento-maxillofacial radiologist who was blinded to patient information. To evaluate the intra-observer correl...

Materials and methods : Evaluation of the peri-imp...

This retrospective study was conducted in the dental clinic of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology department and was approved by the local ethics committee (2013/203). The participants had approached the Prosthodontics Clinic between 2012 and 2019 for partial or complete tooth complaints. Among the data of 116 patients reviewed, panoramic radiographs of 67 patients were examined and included in this...

Backgrounds : Evaluation of the peri-implant bone ...

The quality of bone tissue at the site of implantation can be determined preoperatively with high accuracy, and changes in the trabecular structure, which is vital for the primary and secondary stability of the implant, can be observed during the follow-up after implantation. Previous studies have evaluated fractal analysis of peri-implant bone before and after loading. However, no study has exam...

Backgrounds : Evaluation of the peri-implant bone ...

Mandelbrot introduced fractals to describe his observation of shapes in nature, such as curves, surfaces, disconnected “dust,” and odd shapes. The word fractal originates from the Latin word “fractus,” which means broken. By using fractal mathematics, several studies have analyzed various fractal patterns in the human body. Fractal analysis is a mathematical method of describing complex sh...

Abstract : Evaluation of the peri-implant bone tra...

This study aimed to evaluate the microstructural changes in the peri-implant bone in patients with short implants in terms of implant survival status by using fractal analysis measurements. Dental panoramic radiographs (DPRs) of 67 patients were examined and included in this study. Fractal analysis and measurement of the crown-implant ratio were performed with ImageJ. The fractal analysis measure...

Fig. 7. The box plot shows the distribution of age...

Fig. 7. The box plot shows the distribution of age between the sex groups Fig. 7. The box plot shows the distribution of age between the sex groups

Fig. 6. Pie chart shows the distribution of loaded...

Fig. 6. Pie chart shows the distribution of loaded implants prosthetic restorations Fig. 6. Pie chart shows the distribution of loaded implants prosthetic restorations

Fig. 5. Pie charts shows the distribution of the d...

Fig. 5. Pie charts shows the distribution of the demographic datas of the patients Fig. 5. Pie charts shows the distribution of the demographic datas of the patients

Fig. 4. The crown-implant ratio measurement showin...

Fig. 4. The crown-implant ratio measurement showing a the length of the crown (red line) and b the length of the implant (red line) Fig. 4. The crown-implant ratio measurement showing a the length of the crown (red line) and b the length of the implant (red line)

Fig. 3. Fractal analysis stages. a Selected region...

Fig. 3. Fractal analysis stages. a Selected region of interest (ROI). b Cropped and duplicated version of ROI. c Addition of Gaussian filter. d Subtraction. e Addition of 128 pixels. f Binarized version. g Eroded version. h Dilated version. i Inverted version j Skeletonization Fig. 3. Fractal analysis stages. a Selected region of interest (ROI). b Cropped and duplicated version of ROI. c Addi...

Fig. 2. Region of interests (ROIs) were selected a...

Fig. 2. Region of interests (ROIs) were selected arbitrarily in a preoperative radiographic image and b a follow-up radiographic image Fig. 2. Region of interests (ROIs) were selected arbitrarily in a preoperative radiographic image and b a follow-up radiographic image

Fig. 1. Fractal dimension values measured from th...

Fig. 1. Fractal dimension values measured from the same area of interest on each panoramic radiograph over five different time intervals are shown in the figure. FD0, fractal dimension 0 (preoperative); FD1, fractal dimension 1 (0–1 months of follow-up); FD2, fractal dimension 2 (1–3 months of follow-up); FD3, fractal dimension 3 (6–12 months of follow-up); FD4, fractal dimension 4 ...

Table 2 Mean fractal dimension (FD) values before ...

  n Mean Standard deviation Minimum Maximum FD0 130 1.243 0.152 0.750 1.560 FD1 130 1.113 0.224 0.405 1.510 FD2 130 1.116 0.196 0.410 1.510 FD3 67 1.092 0.216 0.430 1.500 FD4 67 1.081 0.247 0.430 1.500   Table 2 Mean fractal dimension (FD) values before and after implant insertion

Table 1 Distribution and description of FD1 and FD...

 Failure (n)Success (n)P valuePowerEffect sizeSexWomen3870.0240.680.21Men634FD190.82 ± 0.28 (mean)0.45 (min)–1.26 (max)1211.13 ± 0.25 (mean)0.41 (min)–1.51 (max)< 0.0010.991.45FD290.97 ± 0.24 (mean)0.61 (min)–1.36 (max)1211.13 ± 0.19 (mean)0.41 (min)–1.51 (max)0.0230.990.79Crown-implant Ratio26.51 ± 3.89 (mean)3.77 (min)–9.27 (max)654.61 ± 1.58 (mean)2.57 min)–10.67 (max)0.101...

About this article : Evaluation of the peri-implan...

Kış, H.C., Güleryüz Gürbulak, A. Evaluation of the peri-implant bone trabecular microstructure changes in short implants with fractal analysis. Int J Implant Dent 6, 13 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-020-00209-7 Download citation Received: 12 September 2019 Accepted: 12 March 2020 Published: 01 April 2020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-020-00209-7

Rights and permissions : Evaluation of the peri-im...

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material...

Additional information : Evaluation of the peri-im...

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Ethics declarations : Evaluation of the peri-impla...

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Hatice Cansu Kış and Ayşegül Güleryüz Gür...

Author information : Evaluation of the peri-implan...

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Nuh Naci Yazgan University, Kayseri, Turkey Hatice Cansu Kış Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey Ayşegül Güleryüz Gürbulak You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar AGG collecte...

Funding : Evaluation of the peri-implant bone trab...

The work was supported by the Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Radiology, Nuh Naci Yazgan University in Kayseri, Turkey.

Acknowledgements : Evaluation of the peri-implant ...

We would like to thank Editage (www.editage.com) for English language editing.

References : Evaluation of the peri-implant bone t...

Download references

References : Evaluation of the peri-implant bone t...

Mu T-J, Lee D-W, Park K-H, Moon I-S. Changes in the fractal dimension of peri-implant trabecular bone after loading: a retrospective study. Journal of periodontal & implant science. 2013;43(5):209–14. Zeytinoğlu M, İlhan B, Dündar N, Boyacioğlu H. Fractal analysis for the assessment of trabecular peri-implant alveolar bone using panoramic radiographs. Clinical oral investigations. 2015;19(2...

References : Evaluation of the peri-implant bone t...

Mandelbrot BB. The fractal geometry of nature: WH freeman New York; 1983. Sánchez I, Uzcátegui G. Fractals in dentistry. Journal of dentistry. 2011;39(4):273–92. Boutroy S, Bouxsein ML, Munoz F, Delmas PD. In vivo assessment of trabecular bone microarchitecture by high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2005;90(12):6508...

Abbreviations : Evaluation of the peri-implant bon...

Dental panoramic radiographs Fractal dimension 0 (preoperative) Fractal dimension 1 (0–1 months of follow-up) Fractal dimension 2 (1–3 months of follow-up) Fractal dimension 3 (6–12 months of follow-up) Fractal dimension 4 (12 + months of follow-up) Cone beam computed tomography Region of interest

Availability of data and materials : Evaluation of...

Not Applicable

Conclusion : Evaluation of the peri-implant bone t...

Fractal analysis is a useful method to measure the trabecular microstructure of bone in nonstandardized dental radiographs. The present study has a low power to reject the null hypothesis because of the low number of cases of failed implants. Therefore, further studies with a large sample size are warranted. Assessing a series of studies can provide certain cut-off values; this can enable to routi...

Discussion : Evaluation of the peri-implant bone t...

Fractal analysis of bone microstructure on dental radiographs may be useful for diagnostic applications; however, the histological microstructures of the bone cannot be visualized by any clinical imaging modality. Corpas et al. [12] stated that minor changes in bone occurring over a short-term period can be followed up with digital intraoral radiography; however, the results of radiographic fracta...

Discussion : Evaluation of the peri-implant bone t...

This study aimed to evaluate the microstructural changes in the peri-implant bone in patients with short implants in terms of the implant survival status by using fractal analysis measurements. In this study, a significant difference was found in the FD1 and FD2 values between the implant survival groups, and the mean FD1 and FD2 values of the success group were significantly higher than those of...

Results : Evaluation of the peri-implant bone trab...

Descriptive statistics were performed. The data were not normally distributed (p < 0.05). The intra-observer correlation coefficients of repeated measurements were 0.927, 0.889, 0.913, 0.988, 0.961, and 0.936 for FD0 (fractal dimension), FD1, FD2, FD3, FD4, and crown-implant ratio, respectively. Descriptive data are shown in Figs. 5, 6, and 7. A significant difference was found for sex between the...

Materials and methods : Evaluation of the peri-imp...

The crown-implant ratio was measured using the ImageJ version 1.38 software measuring tool in conjunction with a magnification tool. Each implant was measured from its bottom to the crown base and then from the crown base to its highest point (Fig. 4). All measurements were performed by a dento-maxillofacial radiologist who was blinded to patient information. To evaluate the intra-observer correl...

Materials and methods : Evaluation of the peri-imp...

This retrospective study was conducted in the dental clinic of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology department and was approved by the local ethics committee (2013/203). The participants had approached the Prosthodontics Clinic between 2012 and 2019 for partial or complete tooth complaints. Among the data of 116 patients reviewed, panoramic radiographs of 67 patients were examined and included in this...

Backgrounds : Evaluation of the peri-implant bone ...

The quality of bone tissue at the site of implantation can be determined preoperatively with high accuracy, and changes in the trabecular structure, which is vital for the primary and secondary stability of the implant, can be observed during the follow-up after implantation. Previous studies have evaluated fractal analysis of peri-implant bone before and after loading. However, no study has exam...

Backgrounds : Evaluation of the peri-implant bone ...

Mandelbrot introduced fractals to describe his observation of shapes in nature, such as curves, surfaces, disconnected “dust,” and odd shapes. The word fractal originates from the Latin word “fractus,” which means broken. By using fractal mathematics, several studies have analyzed various fractal patterns in the human body. Fractal analysis is a mathematical method of describing complex sh...

Abstract : Evaluation of the peri-implant bone tra...

This study aimed to evaluate the microstructural changes in the peri-implant bone in patients with short implants in terms of implant survival status by using fractal analysis measurements. Dental panoramic radiographs (DPRs) of 67 patients were examined and included in this study. Fractal analysis and measurement of the crown-implant ratio were performed with ImageJ. The fractal analysis measure...