Fig. 6. Position of the right mental foramen
Fig. 5. Position of the left mental foramen
Fig. 4. Left (l) and right (r) mandibular bone thickness (bt) in the four age groups (group 1, 0–20 years old; group 2, 21–40 years old; group 3, 41–60 years old; group 4, 61 and older) in men (0) and women [1]
Fig. 3. Left (l) and right (r) mandibular bone thickness in all patients
Fig. 2. Definition of the position of the mental foramen
Fig. 1. Measurement of mandibular bone thickness, defined as the distance between the lateral wall of the mandibular canal and the lateral mandibular compact bone (solid turquoise line)
 Age groupTotal1234SexMale41363930146Female44513538168Total 85877468314Table 1 Number of men and women in each age group (group 1, 0–20 years old; group 2, 21–40 years old; group 3, 41–60 years old; group 4, 61 and older)
Valdec, S., Borm, J.M., Casparis, S. et al. Vestibular bone thickness of the mandible in relation to the mandibular canal—a retrospective CBCT-based study.
Int J Implant Dent 5, 37 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-019-0189-z
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Received: 04 June 2019
Accepted: 30 September 2019
Published: 15 November 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-019-0189...
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were m...
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Silvio Valdec and Jan Borm are equally contributing first authors.
The study was approved by the cantonal ethics committee of the canton of Zurich (KEK 2018-01691).
Not applicable.
Silvio Valdec, Jan Borm, Stephanie Casparis, Georg Damerau, Michael Locher and Bernd Stadlinger declare that they have no competing interests.
Silvio Valdec and Jan M. Borm contributed equally to this work.
Clinic of Cranio-Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Centre for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Plattenstrasse 11, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
Silvio Valdec, Jan M. Borm, Stephanie Casparis, Georg Damerau, Michael Locher & Bernd Stadlinger
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This study was conducted without external funding.
The authors thank Jacquie Klesing, Board-Certified Editor in the Life Sciences (ELS), for editing assistance with the manuscript. Further, we thank Malgorzata Roos for supporting the statistical analysis.
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Zahedi S, Mostafavi M, Lotfirikan N. Anatomic stud...
Bone thickness
Cone-beam computed tomography
Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine
Inferior alveolar nerve
The original datasets supporting the findings are available.
The results of this study support the relevance of a preoperative CBCT to allow detailed planning of a surgical intervention that may potentially touch the area of the mandibular canal. This applies to surgical procedures like wisdom tooth removal, root resection, implant placement and bone block harvesting. A CBCT allows the exact determination of the horizontal bone thickness vestibular to the I...
In a study comparing measurements between cadavers and CT images, the distance between the upper edge of the mandibular canal and the alveolar ridge showed possible over- and underestimations. The quantification showed a possible overestimation of up to 1.05 mm and a possible underestimation of up to 1.36 mm [34]. This discrepancy is of relevance in preoperative planning. Intraoperatively, a r...
The IAN is an important anatomical structure whose course affects the preoperative planning of a bone graft or implant insertion in the mandible. Knowledge on the bone thickness between the lateral wall of the mandibular canal and the lateral mandibular compact bone as well as of the position of the mental foramen facilitates decision-making [24]. Furthermore, for many other surgical procedures, t...
The median age of the patients was 40.2 years (range 12.6–84.4 years). Patients were distributed almost evenly across the age groups (see Table 1).
Figure 3 clearly shows the median vestibular bone thicknesses (bt) at 2-mm intervals throughout the anterior to posterior course of the canal on both the right (bt2 r to bt66 r) and left (bt2 l to bt66 l) side of the mandible. The maximum di...
In addition, the position of the mental foramen was determined relative to the roots of the neighbouring teeth. This was assessed by defining regions of interest in the area of the first premolar, second premolar and first molar by extending the respective mesial and distal points of the cement-enamel junction caudally along the tooth axis. The position of the midpoint of the mental foramen was th...
Three hundred fourteen cone-beam computed tomograms (CBCTs) from 168 (53.5%) females and 146 (46.5%) males from the database of the Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland, from the years 2008 to 2013 were analysed. Patients were divided into 4 age groups: group 1 = 0–20 years, group 2 = 21–40 years, group 3â...
The mandibular canal is a bilateral, intraosseous opening through which the IAN runs from the mandibular foramen to the mental foramen. The nerve innervates the teeth, the mucous membranes in the area of the mental foramen and the skin around the chin [14, 15]. Anatomical variations of the mandibular canal, such as bifid canals and an anterior loop of the mental nerve, are common [16, 17] and have...
When performing any kind of surgical procedure, a surgeon needs to be familiar with the possible variations in the anatomical configurations of both the mandibular canal and inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) [1,2,3]. This is particularly the case when performing root resections, removing wisdom teeth or harvesting autologous bone grafts.
Different techniques are described for reconstruction of missin...
Fig. 3. Site of evaluation. (1) Corner of the mouth: 5Â mm below the corner of the mouth. (2) Lower lip: 5Â mm laterally from the midline. (3) Mental region: at the midpoint of the perpendicular from the lower edge to the lower lip to the chin and 5Â mm laterally from the midline
Fig. 3. Site of evaluation. (1) Corner of the mouth: 5Â mm below the corner of the mouth. (2) Lower lip: 5Â mm lat...
Fig. 2. started from a filament of 0.165Â mm in diameter of the most weak force, and performed three times at one site
Fig. 2. a SW perception tester is composed of different diameters (a: 0.165Â mm, b: 0.215Â mm, c: 0.315Â mm). b The use of SW perception tester started from a filament of 0.165Â mm in diameter of the most weak force, and performed three times at one site
Fig. 1. Alveolar nerve repositioning in a partially edentulous mandible. a Preoperative radiograph. b The inferior alveolar nerve was transposed from the mental foramen. c Postoperative radiograph after implant insertion
Fig. 1. Alveolar nerve repositioning in a partially edentulous mandible. a Preoperative radiograph. b The inferior alveolar nerve was transposed from the mental foramen. c Po...
No.
Sex
Age (years)
Range of IAN lateralization (width)
Implant site
Follow-up period (months)
...
Stage 0
Complete sensory loss
Stage 1
Advent of deep pain
Stage 2
Some degree of tactile recovery and pain ...
Nishimaki, F., Kurita, H., Tozawa, S. et al. Subjective and qualitative assessment of neural disturbance after inferior alveolar nerve transposition for dental implant placement.
Int J Implant Dent 2, 14 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-016-0047-1
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Received: 25 July 2015
Accepted: 26 April 2016
Published: 14 May 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40...
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were...
Fumihiro Nishimaki, Hiroshi Kurita, Shinya Tozawa, Yuji Teramoto, Rishiho Nishizawa, and Shin-ichi Yamada declare that they have no competing interests.
FN and HK conceived and designed the study, performed the experiments, and wrote the manuscript. ST and YT performed data analysis. RN and SY participated in manuscript preparation. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscrip...
Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-3-1, Asahi, Matsumoto-shi, Nagano, 390-0804, Japan
Fumihiro Nishimaki, Hiroshi Kurita, Shinya Tozawa, Yuji Teramoto, Rishiho Nishizawa & Shin-ichi Yamada
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Morrison A, Chiaro M, Kirby S. Mental nerve function after inferior alveolar nerve transposition for placement of dental implants. J Can Dent Assoc. 2002;62:46–50.
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Eggers G, Klein J, e...
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Levin L. Dealing with dental implant failures. J Appl Oral Sci. 2008;16:171–5.
Lorean A, Kablan F, Mazor Z, et al. Inferior alveolar nerve transposition and reposition for dental implant placement in edentulous or partially edentulous mandibles: a mult...
In conclusion, we investigated the quality of postoperative neurosensory function after IAN transposition for dental implant placement. IAN transposition is a useful method for placing implants in the atrophic posterior mandible. However, the procedure is complicated, with the possibility of some degree of neurosensory disturbance, although in most of our cases, it resolved within a clinically acc...
Dental restoration by means of dental implants can provide good functional rehabilitation, particularly in patients with atrophic mandibles. IAN lateralization is a useful method for placing implants in the atrophic posterior mandible. However, there is a possibility of the neurosensory function of the IAN being disturbed, although in most cases, it resolves within a clinically acceptable period.
...
Although the previous studies reported good results concerning ND in IAN transposition surgery, the methods for evaluating ND differed, and most of the studies did not fully describe the evaluation procedure. The evaluation of ND of the IAN can be performed by purely subjective (questionnaire), relatively objective (static light touch, 2-point discrimination, etc.), and purely objective methods (t...
IAN reposition may serve as a viable treatment option in the severely resorbed mandibles. Repositioning is performed via one of the two surgical techniques, lateralization, or transposition, with lateralization yielding lower degrees of nerve deficiency. In lateralization, the IAN is exposed and retracted laterally, held in this position during implant placement, then released to rest against the ...
In total, eight IAN transposition procedures were performed in seven patients. One patient underwent bilateral surgery. Surgery was performed under general anesthesia in four patients and under local anesthesia in three patients. The IAN was lateralized for a four-tooth breadth on one side, three-tooth breadth on three sides, and two-tooth breadth on three sides. In total, 22 dental implants were ...
This study was conducted in compliance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, and was approved by the Committee for Ethics at Shinshu University School of Medicine. Patients who underwent dental rehabilitation by insertion of dental implants between 2000 and 2012 in our hospital were reviewed. Of these, seven patients underwent transposition of the IAN for dental implant placement and...
Tooth loss is one of the common causes of reduced quality of life in adults. Dental implants have become a widely accepted treatment option for both partially and completely edentulous patients [1–3]. However, in cases of posterior mandibular atrophy, suitably sized implants cannot be placed without encroaching on the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN). In such cases, restorative options include the ...
The purpose of this retrospective study was to accumulate data regarding the quality of postoperative neurosensory function after inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) transposition for dental implant placement.
The study included seven consecutive patients who underwent IAN transposition surgery for the insertion of a dental implant into the atrophic posterior mandible. Of these, six patients (seven sid...