Drilling protocol: standard versus over-dimensioned

No statistically significant difference in RFA could be measured (Cohen’s d = − 0.022, effect size r = 0.011, p = 0.260), whereas IT values were significantly higher in implants inserted via SP (90.56 ± 31.27 Ncm) in comparison with the ODP (63.74 ± 48.61 Ncm, p = 0.002; Cohen’s d = 0.656, effect size r = 0.312). The analyzed TO values showed similar results with higher values in the SP (93.59 ± 32.3 Ncm) compared with the ODP (58.35 ± 40.43 Ncm, p = 0.043; Cohen’s d = 0.963, effect size r = 0.434) (see Table 1 and Fig. 3).

Insertion mode: manual versus machine-driven, standard protocol

No statistically significant difference of RFA (Cohen’s d = –0.309, effect size r = –0.153, p = 0.185), IT (Cohen’s d = 0.21, effect size r = 0.104, p = 0.937), and TO (Cohen’s d = 0.109, effect size r = 0.054, p = 0.490) could be shown between manual and machine-driven insertion mode (see Table 2 and Fig. 4).

Implant geometry: standard protocol

No statistically significant difference regarding ISQ (p = 0.353), IT (p = 0.099), or TO (p = 0.337) could be measured between implants of different diameter. Neither was there a statistically significant difference between implants of different lengths (ISQ: p = 0.164, IT: p = 0.303, TO: p = 0.246) (see Tables 3 and 4).