Resonance frequency analysis
Implant stability quotient
The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
The null hypothesis that finger tightening of transducer devices for RFA analysis may have a negative impact on the accuracy of ISQ measurements was rejected. Different forces applied during transducer tightening by different clinicians had no significant effect on the resulting ISQ values. Manual tightening of smartpeg magnetic devices allows for an objective and reliable determination of ISQ val...
A great number of studies have summarized that the measurement of implant stability with RFA is reliable, is noninvasive, and can be used at any time after implant insertion and during follow-up [19, 20]. Various parameters have been demonstrated to influence the degree of primary implant stability [21, 22]. These include bone density [23, 24], surgical technique [25], implant insertion torque [26...
In the test group, mesial and buccal ISQ values of 30 implants were recorded by four examiners (S1–S4) after hand tightening the smartpegs. The control group considered mesial and buccal ISQ values of 30 implants with mechanically inserted smartpegs. Only 147 values could be recorded because one transducer broke and thereafter no further values could be obtained for this implant. At torque value...
Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the difference between the test and control group. Variance analysis and continuous variables were determined. Pearson r correlation coefficient was tested to verify the relationship between the two variables (e.g., relationship between torque and ISQ). Statistical significance was set at p > 0.05.
Three fresh bovine ribs from the same animal were selected for the current in vitro testing; the bovine ribs were of a similar size to those used by Gecikli et al. [16], thus attempting to imitate human edentulous bone with a similar composition of cortical and cancellous bone. The animal was farmed and sacrificed for food production. The bone was stored airtight, humid, and cool from the time the...
While dental implants have become increasingly important in the functional and esthetic rehabilitation of patients, implant failure still does occur. Primary stability at the time of implant placement and the development of osseointegration in the following healing process (secondary stability) are essential parameters for implant success [1]. Primary stability can be considered as the biomechanic...
There is disagreement about the optimal torque for tightening smartpegs for resonance frequency analysis (RFA). Subjective finger pressure during hand tightening could affect the reliability of the resulting values. The aim of the current study was therefore to assess whether or not the insertion torque of a smartpeg magnetic device influences the implant stability quotient (ISQ) value during RFA....
Fig. 8. There were moderately significant and positive correlations between the ALP levels and OC levels at all measurements from week 1 to week 12. The OC levels in pg/μg protein were associated with the ALP levels in nM/μg protein at the implant site (a), control site (b), and pooled samples of the control and implant sites (c)
Fig. 8. There were moderately significant and positive correl...
Fig. 7. Comparison between the trend of the biomarker levels and the trend of the ISQ values over time
Fig. 7. Comparison between the trend of the biomarker levels and the trend of the ISQ values over time
Fig. 6. There were weakly significant and positive correlations between the ALP or OC levels and ISQ values at all measurements from week 1 to week 12. At the implant site, the ALP levels in nM/μg protein (a) or the OC levels in pg/μg protein (b) were associated with ISQ values
Fig. 6. There were weakly significant and positive correlations between the ALP or OC levels and ISQ values at all...
Fig. 5. Change in the median values of the OC level over time. In the test group, the OC level continuously increased with time. There was a statistically significant increase in the OC level at 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks when compared with 1 week (P
Fig. 4. Change in the median values of the ALP level over time. In the test group, the ALP level decreased at 1–4 weeks and then increased at 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks. There was no statistically significant difference in the ALP level in either the control or the test groups at any measurement
Fig. 4. Change in the median values of the ALP level over time. In the test group, the ALP level d...
Fig. 3. Change in the median values of the GCF (control group) and PICF (test group) volume over time. In the test group, the PICF volume continuously decreased with time (a). There were no significant differences in the median values of the crevicular fluid volume in either the control group or the test groups at any measurement (b)
Fig. 3. Change in the median values of the GCF (control gro...
Fig. 2. Change in the mean ISQ values over time. There was a statistically significant decrease in the mean ISQ values between 1 and 3 weeks (P
Fig. 1. Timeline of the clinical study. I—implant site, T—contralateral posterior mandibular nonsurgical tooth
Fig. 1. Timeline of the clinical study. I—implant site, T—contralateral posterior mandibular nonsurgical tooth
Time
Day 0
1 week
2 weeks
3 weeks
4 weeks
6 weeks
8 weeks
10 weeks
12 weeks
Median (interquartile range)
ALP level
(nM/μg protein)
Tooth (control)
175 (215)
203 (308)
148 (269)
143 (112)
266 (427)
145 (96)
181 (148)
191 (263)
107 (128)
Implant (test)
230 (238)
139 (139)
157 (293)
108 (134)
166 (434)
179 (251)
147 (...
Time
Day 0
1 week
2 weeks
3 weeks
4 weeks
6 weeks
8 weeks
10 weeks
12 weeks
Median (interquartile range)
CF volume (μl)
Tooth (control)
0.20 (0.23)
0.26 (0.25)
0.19 (0.20)
0.19 (0.50)
0.17 (0.33)
0.18 (0.08)
0.13 (0.24)
0.23 (0.42)
0.20 (0.17)
Implant (test)
0.26 (0.30)
0.25 (0.41)
0.16 (0.21)
0.17 (0.19)
0.18 (0.33)
0.13 (0.14)
...
Time
Day 0
1 week
2 weeks
3 weeks
4 weeks
6 weeks...
Patient no.
Age
Sex
Positiona
Bone qualityb
1
34
...
Inclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria
Patients aged 25–65 years
Presence of periodontal disease or periapical lesions
Ability to participat...
Tirachaimongkol, C., Pothacharoen, P., Reichart, P.A. et al. Relation between the stability of dental implants and two biological markers during the healing period: a prospective clinical study.
Int J Implant Dent 2, 27 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-016-0058-y
Download citation
Received: 14 September 2016
Accepted: 18 November 2016
Published: 08 December 2016
DOI...
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were m...
Center of Excellence for Dental Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Suthep sub-district, A. Muang, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
Choknapa Tirachaimongkol & Pathawee Khongkhunthian
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Thailand Excellence Center for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Chiang Mai, Thailand
Peraphan Pothacharoen
Department of Oral Medicine, Dental...
The authors acknowledge Mrs. Yupaporn Kiatsakulcharoen and Miss Kamolwan Mangkalad, the Center of Excellent for Dental Implantology, Chiang Mai University for clinical assistance, Mr. Aitthiphon Chongchai, the Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Chiang Mai University for laboratory assistance, Dr.Thanapat Sastraruji, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University for statistical consultat...
Lekholm U, Zarb G, Albrektsson T. Tissue integrated prostheses. Patient selection and preparation. Chicago: Quintessence Publishing Co Inc; 1985. p. 199–209.
Download references
Berglundh T, Abrahamsson I, Lang NP, Lindhe J. De novo alveolar bone formation adjacent to endosseous implants. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2003;3:251–62.
Emecen-Huja P, Eubank TD, Shapiro V, Yildiz V, Tatakis DN, Leblebicioglu B. Peri-implant versus periodontal wound healing. J Clin Periodontol. 2013;40:816–24.
Chapple LLC, Socransky SS, Dibart S, Glenwright DH, Matthews JB. Chemiluminescent as...
Bischof M, Nedir R, Szmukler-Moncler S, Bernard JP, Samson J. Implant stability measurement of delayed and immediately loaded implants during healing. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2004;5:529–39.
Sim CPC, Lang NP. Factors influencing resonance frequency analysis assessed by Osstell mentor during implant tissue integration: I. Instrument positioning, bone structure, implant length. Clin Oral Implants ...
Albrektsson T, Brånemark PI, Hansson HA, Lindström J. Osseointegrated titanium implants. Requirements for ensuring a long-lasting, direct bone-to-implant anchorage in man. Acta Orthop Scand. 1981;52:155–70.
Khongkhunthian P. Implant features. In: Khongkhunthian P, editor. PW Plus Thai Dental Implant. Bangkok: STZ Mospace design; 2015. p. 12.
Lacey DL, Timms E, Tan HL, Kelley MJ, Dunstan CR, ...
Within the limitations of this study and cautious interpretation due to small number of implants/patients, the ISQ values were weakly correlated with both ALP and OC molecules in PICF during the healing period. The results also show that osteocalcin may be used as a biological marker for monitoring implant healing at 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks after implant placement. The ISQ values showed high stabi...
Vogel and Marcotte [33] suggested that the correlation between mRNA and protein quantities is approximately 40%. As there are many mechanisms between transcription and translation, especially in human cell and protein stability, at the gene expression level, the transcription data is beneficial in making decisions about molecular candidates for future studies at the protein level. The colorimetric...
The main sources of ALP in GCF are neutrophils, bacteria within dental plaque, fibroblasts, and osteoblasts [28]. Plagnat et al. [29] suggested that longitudinal monitoring of ALP in PICF might confirm its possible use as a marker of implant failure. Considering the change in the median values of the ALP level over time, in the test group, the ALP level decreased at 1–4 weeks and then increased...
At the implant site, the OC level continuously increased with time. According to the Friedman followed by Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, there was statistically significant increase in the OC level at 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks when compared with 1 week (P
Ten patients, seven females, and three males, aged 42.4 ± 11.99 years (range, 28 to 64 years), with either a first mandibular or second mandibular molar edentulous area, who required a single nonsubmerged implant participated in this study, as shown in Table 2. The implants used for all patients were 10 mm long and 5 mm in diameter. All patients completed the follow-up. None of the impla...
Data were analyzed by using SPSS 17.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Repeated measures analysis of variance was performed to evaluate the change in the ISQ values at each measurement. The independent samples t test was used to investigate the differences in implant stability in the patients’ gender and bone quality. The Friedman test, followed by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, was used ...
The level of OC was measured by using commercially available ELISA kits (Human Osteocalcin Quantikine ELISA Kit, R&D Systems, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. A 100 μl volume of Assay Diluent RD1-117 (R&D Systems) was added into each well of the microplate and then 50 μl of standard (0–64 ng/ml) or sample was added to each well. The microplate was ...
To observe the level of two bone formation biomarkers (alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin) during the osseointegration period compared with control group using GCF from the first molar of the contralateral side of implant position, the sample collection of GCF was performed before the surgical procedure, immediately after the surgical operation and after 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks. The ...
The study is a prospective clinical study during the 3-month healing period of implant. The study was approved by the Human Experimentation Committee, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University. The study outline is shown in Fig. 1.
Ten patients, who were partially edentulous in the mandibular posterior region for whom a single nonsubmerged implant was planned, participated in this study. All o...
Osteocalcin (OC) is the most plentiful noncollagenous protein of the bone matrix. It is secreted from odontoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoblasts, in order to bind hydroxyapatite and calcium during matrix mineralization [7]. It is one of the serological markers in the bone formation process. Numerous studies have shown increased OC levels in bone formation. However, increased OC level relates more t...
Dental implants have shown a high success rate for rehabilitation of edentulous patients if certain conditions are met during treatment. Nevertheless, the risk of failure remains difficult to predict. The achievement of osseointegration depends on many factors, such as a suitable host, biocompatible materials, careful surgery, and an appropriate healing time [1].
The primary stability comes from ...
The purposes of this study were to examine the correlation between the stability of dental implants and bone formation markers during the healing period and to monitor the stability of dental implants using the resonance frequency analysis (RFA) method. The null hypothesis of the study is no correlation between the stability of dental implant and bone formation markers.
The study is a prospective...
Fig. 8. There were moderately significant and positive correlations between the ALP levels and OC levels at all measurements from week 1 to week 12. The OC levels in pg/μg protein were associated with the ALP levels in nM/μg protein at the implant site (a), control site (b), and pooled samples of the control and implant sites (c)
Fig. 8. There were moderately significant and positive correl...
Fig. 7. Comparison between the trend of the biomarker levels and the trend of the ISQ values over time
Fig. 7. Comparison between the trend of the biomarker levels and the trend of the ISQ values over time
Fig. 6. There were weakly significant and positive correlations between the ALP or OC levels and ISQ values at all measurements from week 1 to week 12. At the implant site, the ALP levels in nM/μg protein (a) or the OC levels in pg/μg protein (b) were associated with ISQ values
Fig. 6. There were weakly significant and positive correlations between the ALP or OC levels and ISQ values at all...
Fig. 5. Change in the median values of the OC level over time. In the test group, the OC level continuously increased with time. There was a statistically significant increase in the OC level at 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks when compared with 1 week (P
Fig. 4. Change in the median values of the ALP level over time. In the test group, the ALP level decreased at 1–4 weeks and then increased at 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks. There was no statistically significant difference in the ALP level in either the control or the test groups at any measurement
Fig. 4. Change in the median values of the ALP level over time. In the test group, the ALP level d...
Fig. 3. Change in the median values of the GCF (control group) and PICF (test group) volume over time. In the test group, the PICF volume continuously decreased with time (a). There were no significant differences in the median values of the crevicular fluid volume in either the control group or the test groups at any measurement (b)
Fig. 3. Change in the median values of the GCF (control gro...
Fig. 2. Change in the mean ISQ values over time. There was a statistically significant decrease in the mean ISQ values between 1 and 3 weeks (P
Fig. 1. Timeline of the clinical study. I—implant site, T—contralateral posterior mandibular nonsurgical tooth
Fig. 1. Timeline of the clinical study. I—implant site, T—contralateral posterior mandibular nonsurgical tooth
Time
Day 0
1 week
2 weeks
3 weeks
4 weeks
6 weeks
8 weeks
10 weeks
12 weeks
Median (interquartile range)
ALP level
(nM/μg protein)
Tooth (control)
175 (215)
203 (308)
148 (269)
143 (112)
266 (427)
145 (96)
181 (148)
191 (263)
107 (128)
Implant (test)
230 (238)
139 (139)
157 (293)
108 (134)
166 (434)
179 (251)
147 (...
Time
Day 0
1 week
2 weeks
3 weeks
4 weeks
6 weeks
8 weeks
10 weeks
12 weeks
Median (interquartile range)
CF volume (μl)
Tooth (control)
0.20 (0.23)
0.26 (0.25)
0.19 (0.20)
0.19 (0.50)
0.17 (0.33)
0.18 (0.08)
0.13 (0.24)
0.23 (0.42)
0.20 (0.17)
Implant (test)
0.26 (0.30)
0.25 (0.41)
0.16 (0.21)
0.17 (0.19)
0.18 (0.33)
0.13 (0.14)
...
Time
Day 0
1 week
2 weeks
3 weeks
4 weeks
6 weeks...
Patient no.
Age
Sex
Positiona
Bone qualityb
1
34
Female
46
3
2
38
Female
36
3
3
43
Female
37
3
4
64
Male
46
2
5
30
Female
47
3
6
48
Female
36
2
7
57
Male
36
3
8
28
Female
46
3
9
33
Male
46
2
10
49
Female
46
3
Table 2 Profile of patients
Inclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria
Patients aged 25–65 years
Presence of periodontal disease or periapical lesions
Ability to participat...
Tirachaimongkol, C., Pothacharoen, P., Reichart, P.A. et al. Relation between the stability of dental implants and two biological markers during the healing period: a prospective clinical study. Int J Implant Dent 2, 27 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-016-0058-y
Download citation
Received: 14 September 2016
Accepted: 18 November 2016
Published: 08 December 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10....
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were...
Center of Excellence for Dental Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Suthep sub-district, A. Muang, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
Choknapa Tirachaimongkol & Pathawee Khongkhunthian
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Thailand Excellence Center for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Chiang Mai, Thailand
Peraphan Pothacharoen
Department of Oral Medicine, Dental...
The authors acknowledge Mrs. Yupaporn Kiatsakulcharoen and Miss Kamolwan Mangkalad, the Center of Excellent for Dental Implantology, Chiang Mai University for clinical assistance, Mr. Aitthiphon Chongchai, the Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Chiang Mai University for laboratory assistance, Dr.Thanapat Sastraruji, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University for statistical consultat...
Lekholm U, Zarb G, Albrektsson T. Tissue integrated prostheses. Patient selection and preparation. Chicago: Quintessence Publishing Co Inc; 1985. p. 199–209.
Download references
Berglundh T, Abrahamsson I, Lang NP, Lindhe J. De novo alveolar bone formation adjacent to endosseous implants. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2003;3:251–62.
Emecen-Huja P, Eubank TD, Shapiro V, Yildiz V, Tatakis DN, Leblebicioglu B. Peri-implant versus periodontal wound healing. J Clin Periodontol. 2013;40:816–24.
Chapple LLC, Socransky SS, Dibart S, Glenwright DH, Matthews JB. Chemiluminescent as...
Bischof M, Nedir R, Szmukler-Moncler S, Bernard JP, Samson J. Implant stability measurement of delayed and immediately loaded implants during healing. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2004;5:529–39.
Sim CPC, Lang NP. Factors influencing resonance frequency analysis assessed by Osstell mentor during implant tissue integration: I. Instrument positioning, bone structure, implant length. Clin Oral Implants ...
Albrektsson T, Brånemark PI, Hansson HA, Lindström J. Osseointegrated titanium implants. Requirements for ensuring a long-lasting, direct bone-to-implant anchorage in man. Acta Orthop Scand. 1981;52:155–70.
Khongkhunthian P. Implant features. In: Khongkhunthian P, editor. PW Plus Thai Dental Implant. Bangkok: STZ Mospace design; 2015. p. 12.
Lacey DL, Timms E, Tan HL, Kelley MJ, Dunstan CR, ...
Within the limitations of this study and cautious interpretation due to small number of implants/patients, the ISQ values were weakly correlated with both ALP and OC molecules in PICF during the healing period. The results also show that osteocalcin may be used as a biological marker for monitoring implant healing at 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks after implant placement. The ISQ values showed high stabi...
Vogel and Marcotte [33] suggested that the correlation between mRNA and protein quantities is approximately 40%. As there are many mechanisms between transcription and translation, especially in human cell and protein stability, at the gene expression level, the transcription data is beneficial in making decisions about molecular candidates for future studies at the protein level. The colorimetric...
The main sources of ALP in GCF are neutrophils, bacteria within dental plaque, fibroblasts, and osteoblasts [28]. Plagnat et al. [29] suggested that longitudinal monitoring of ALP in PICF might confirm its possible use as a marker of implant failure. Considering the change in the median values of the ALP level over time, in the test group, the ALP level decreased at 1–4 weeks and then increased...
The results of this study show that, at the time of implantation, the ISQ values ranged between 67.5 and 83. The mean initial ISQ value was 77.0 ± 1.32. These findings are in harmony with those of previous studies [16, 18]. Tallarico et al. (2011) reported that the macro-design of dental implant affects the primary anchorage [16]. They suggested that the high initial ISQ value is a factor in ...
At the implant site, the OC level continuously increased with time. According to the Friedman followed by Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, there was statistically significant increase in the OC level at 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks when compared with 1 week (P
Ten patients, seven females, and three males, aged 42.4 ± 11.99 years (range, 28 to 64 years), with either a first mandibular or second mandibular molar edentulous area, who required a single nonsubmerged implant participated in this study, as shown in Table 2. The implants used for all patients were 10 mm long and 5 mm in diameter. All patients completed the follow-up. None of the impla...
Data were analyzed by using SPSS 17.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Repeated measures analysis of variance was performed to evaluate the change in the ISQ values at each measurement. The independent samples t test was used to investigate the differences in implant stability in the patients’ gender and bone quality. The Friedman test, followed by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, was used ...
The level of OC was measured by using commercially available ELISA kits (Human Osteocalcin Quantikine ELISA Kit, R&D Systems, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. A 100 μl volume of Assay Diluent RD1-117 (R&D Systems) was added into each well of the microplate and then 50 μl of standard (0–64 ng/ml) or sample was added to each well. The microplate was ...
To observe the level of two bone formation biomarkers (alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin) during the osseointegration period compared with control group using GCF from the first molar of the contralateral side of implant position, the sample collection of GCF was performed before the surgical procedure, immediately after the surgical operation and after 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks. The ...
The study is a prospective clinical study during the 3-month healing period of implant. The study was approved by the Human Experimentation Committee, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University. The study outline is shown in Fig. 1.
Ten patients, who were partially edentulous in the mandibular posterior region for whom a single nonsubmerged implant was planned, participated in this study. All o...
Osteocalcin (OC) is the most plentiful noncollagenous protein of the bone matrix. It is secreted from odontoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoblasts, in order to bind hydroxyapatite and calcium during matrix mineralization [7]. It is one of the serological markers in the bone formation process. Numerous studies have shown increased OC levels in bone formation. However, increased OC level relates more t...
Dental implants have shown a high success rate for rehabilitation of edentulous patients if certain conditions are met during treatment. Nevertheless, the risk of failure remains difficult to predict. The achievement of osseointegration depends on many factors, such as a suitable host, biocompatible materials, careful surgery, and an appropriate healing time [1].
The primary stability comes from ...
The purposes of this study were to examine the correlation between the stability of dental implants and bone formation markers during the healing period and to monitor the stability of dental implants using the resonance frequency analysis (RFA) method. The null hypothesis of the study is no correlation between the stability of dental implant and bone formation markers.
The study is a prospective...
Fig. 3. Mean bone loss at 6 months and 1 year. Mean bone loss distribution charts at 6 months and 1 year present no statistically significant difference. p value at 6 months was 0.2981 and at 1 year 0.6613
Fig. 3. Mean bone loss at 6 months and 1 year. Mean bone loss distribution charts at 6 months and 1 year present no statistically significant difference. p value at 6 months was ...
Fig. 2. ISQ values at placement, 6 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year. Mean and standard deviation of ISQ values taken at placement, 6 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year is presented. No statistical significant difference was determined between ISQ values at all time points. (p
Fig. 1. Implant design. The OSPTX and OSP implants are manufactured from high-grade commercially pure titanium with surface roughness produced via a fluoride treatment process. The OSP implant is a screw-shaped self-tapping implant. The diameter used in this study was 4.0 mm. The implant length used in this study was 8 mm. The OSPTX implant has the same features as the OSP except the apex of t...
Implant success
Clinically immobile when tested manually and/or with RFA (minimum ISQ = 65)
Absence of peri-implant radiolucency present on an undistorted radiograph
Absence of unresolved pain, discomfort, inf...
Inclusion
Male or female
At least 18 years old
Healthy enough to undergo routine implant surgery and subsequent dental treatment
Partially edentulous requiring...
Simmons, D.E., Maney, P., Teitelbaum, A.G. et al. Comparative evaluation of the stability of two different dental implant designs and surgical protocols—a pilot study.
Int J Implant Dent 3, 16 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-017-0078-2
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Received: 18 January 2017
Accepted: 22 April 2017
Published: 02 May 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-01...
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were m...
Department of Periodontics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Dentistry, 1100 Florida Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70119, USA
David E. Simmons, Pooja Maney, Austin G. Teitelbaum, Susan Billiot & A. Archontia Palaiologou
Tulane University SPHTM, 1440 Canal St, Suite 2001, New Orleans, LA, 70130, USA
Lomesh J. Popat
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google...
De Bruyn H, Raes F, Cooper LF, Reside G, Garriga JS, Tarrida LG, et al. Three-years clinical outcome of immediate provisionalization of single Osseospeed() implants in extraction sockets and healed ridges. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2013;24(2):217–23.
Ebler S, Ioannidis A, Jung RE, Hammerle CH, Thoma DS. Prospective randomized controlled clinical study comparing two types of two-piece dental impla...
O'Sullivan D, Sennerby L, Meredith N. Influence of implant taper on the primary and secondary stability of osseointegrated titanium implants. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2004;15(4):474–80.
Schwartz-Arad D, Herzberg R, Levin L. Evaluation of long-term implant success. J Periodontol. 2005;76(10):1623–8.
Alves CC, Neves M. Tapered implants: from indications to advantages. Int J Periodontics Restora...
Anitua E, Orive G. Short implants in maxillae and mandibles: a retrospective study with 1 to 8 years of follow-up. J Periodontol. 2010;81(6):819–26.
Feldman S, Boitel N, Weng D, Kohles SS, Stach RM. Five-year survival distributions of short-length (10 mm or less) machined-surfaced and Osseotite implants. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2004;6(1):16–23.
Felice P, Cannizzaro G, Checchi V, March...
DENTSPLY International, Susquehanna Commerce Center, 221 West Philadelphia Street, York, PA 17401
I-CAT 17 19; Imaging Services International LLC, 1910 North Penn Rd., Hatfield, PA 19440
Intra-Lock International, 6560 S. West Rogers Circle, Suite 24, Boca Raton, FL 33487
Osstell USA, 6700 Alexander Bell Drive, Suite 200, Columbia, MD 21046
ImageJ 1.50i Wayne Rasband National Institutes of Heal...
Survival rates and stability of OSP and OSPTX implants was comparable.
Osteotomy preparation either by the standard or by the soft bone surgical protocol had no significant effect on implant survival, success, and stability.
Insertion torque presented a moderate to strong correlation with ISQ values at 6 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year.
Insertion torque presented a weak correlation to ISQ values...
Insertion torque presented a moderate to strong correlation with ISQ values at 6 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year but not at time of implant insertion. This finding is in agreement with Acil et al. who reported no statistically significant correlation between insertion torque and ISQ at time of implant placement [22].
Although a strong correlation was found between insertion torque and bone loss at...
Augmentation of the maxillary sinus prior to dental implant placement is routinely performed in order to help patients restore their maxillary posterior dentition. Unfortunately, not all patients are candidates for this procedure due to either health, personal, or financial concerns. An alternative treatment without the need for a sinus elevation procedure is the use of a shorter implant. Research...
Overall implant survival rate was 93.3%. Two implants failed, one implant in group A (OSPTXSoft) and one in group B (OSPTXStd). Both implant failures occurred at the time of uncovery (at 6 weeks) and prior to loading of the implants and were attributed to lack of integration. With the exception of these two failed implants, there was 100% success for all remaining implants using the parameters de...
ANOVA was used to compare the mean implant stabilities between the three groups. Post hoc testing was done via Tukey’s honestly significant differences test to calculate the differences between ISQ measurements at the time of implant placement, 6 weeks and 6 and 12 months (Fig. 2) as well as bone levels at 6 and 12 months (Fig. 3). The correlations of multiple parameters such as insertion t...
Following proper approval by the LSUHSC Institution Review Board (LSUNO IRB#7438), 27 (30 implant sites) systemically healthy patients at least 18 years old were enrolled in the study and randomly divided into three groups as follows (inclusion and exclusion criteria are described in detail in Table 1):
Group A received 10 OSPTX implants using the soft bone surgical protocol (OSPTXSoft).
Group...
A recent systematic review by Stocchero et al. concluded that an undersized drilling protocol in soft bone is an effective way to enhance insertion torque but recommended that further clinical studies are needed to confirm these data [18]. Our study was designed to address this question, as it compared the standard drilling protocol to a soft bone protocol.
Our study hypothesis is that the stabil...
Dental implants are now a widely accepted treatment option for the replacement of missing teeth. The therapeutic goal of dental implants is to support restorations that replace single or multiple missing teeth so as to provide patient comfort, function, and esthetics as well as assist in the ongoing maintenance of remaining intraoral and perioral structures. However, anatomic limitations such as t...
Survival and stability of OSPTX and OSP implants is comparable. Osteotomy preparation by either standard or soft bone surgical protocol presented no significant effect on implant survival and stability for the specific implant designs.
The purpose of this study was to compare a parallel wall design implant to a tapered apex design implant when placed in the posterior maxilla using two different surgical protocols.
Twenty-seven patients (30 implants) were divided into three groups. All implants were 4 mm wide in diameter and 8 mm long.
Group A received 10 tapered implants (OSPTX) (Astra Tech OsseoSpeed TX™) using the soft b...
Fig. 8. There were moderately significant and positive correlations between the ALP levels and OC levels at all measurements from week 1 to week 12. The OC levels in pg/μg protein were associated with the ALP levels in nM/μg protein at the implant site (a), control site (b), and pooled samples of the control and implant sites (c)
Fig. 8. There were moderately significant and positive correl...
Fig. 7. Comparison between the trend of the biomarker levels and the trend of the ISQ values over time
Fig. 7. Comparison between the trend of the biomarker levels and the trend of the ISQ values over time
Fig. 6. There were weakly significant and positive correlations between the ALP or OC levels and ISQ values at all measurements from week 1 to week 12. At the implant site, the ALP levels in nM/μg protein (a) or the OC levels in pg/μg protein (b) were associated with ISQ values
Fig. 6. There were weakly significant and positive correlations between the ALP or OC levels and ISQ values at all...
Fig. 5. Change in the median values of the OC level over time. In the test group, the OC level continuously increased with time. There was a statistically significant increase in the OC level at 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks when compared with 1 week (P
Fig. 4. Change in the median values of the ALP level over time. In the test group, the ALP level decreased at 1–4 weeks and then increased at 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks. There was no statistically significant difference in the ALP level in either the control or the test groups at any measurement
Fig. 4. Change in the median values of the ALP level over time. In the test group, the ALP level d...
Fig. 3. Change in the median values of the GCF (control group) and PICF (test group) volume over time. In the test group, the PICF volume continuously decreased with time (a). There were no significant differences in the median values of the crevicular fluid volume in either the control group or the test groups at any measurement (b)
Fig. 3. Change in the median values of the GCF (control gro...
Fig. 2. Change in the mean ISQ values over time. There was a statistically significant decrease in the mean ISQ values between 1 and 3 weeks (P
Fig. 1. Timeline of the clinical study. I—implant site, T—contralateral posterior mandibular nonsurgical tooth
Fig. 1. Timeline of the clinical study. I—implant site, T—contralateral posterior mandibular nonsurgical tooth
Time
Day 0
1 week
2 weeks
3 weeks
4 weeks
6 weeks...
Time
Day 0
1 week
2 weeks
3 weeks
4 weeks
6 weeks...
Time
Day 0
1 week
2 weeks
3 weeks
4 weeks
6 weeks...
Patient no.
Age
Sex
Positiona
Bone qualityb
1
34
...
Inclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria
Patients aged 25–65 years
Presence of periodontal disease or periapical lesions
Ability to participat...
Tirachaimongkol, C., Pothacharoen, P., Reichart, P.A. et al. Relation between the stability of dental implants and two biological markers during the healing period: a prospective clinical study.
Int J Implant Dent 2, 27 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-016-0058-y
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Received: 14 September 2016
Accepted: 18 November 2016
Published: 08 December 2016
DOI...
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were...
Center of Excellence for Dental Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Suthep sub-district, A. Muang, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
Choknapa Tirachaimongkol & Pathawee Khongkhunthian
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Thailand Excellence Center for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Chiang Mai, Thailand
Peraphan Pothacharoen
Department of Oral Medicine, Dental...
The authors acknowledge Mrs. Yupaporn Kiatsakulcharoen and Miss Kamolwan Mangkalad, the Center of Excellent for Dental Implantology, Chiang Mai University for clinical assistance, Mr. Aitthiphon Chongchai, the Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Chiang Mai University for laboratory assistance, Dr.Thanapat Sastraruji, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University for statistical consultat...
Lekholm U, Zarb G, Albrektsson T. Tissue integrated prostheses. Patient selection and preparation. Chicago: Quintessence Publishing Co Inc; 1985. p. 199–209.
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Berglundh T, Abrahamsson I, Lang NP, Lindhe J. De novo alveolar bone formation adjacent to endosseous implants. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2003;3:251–62.
Emecen-Huja P, Eubank TD, Shapiro V, Yildiz V, Tatakis DN, Leblebicioglu B. Peri-implant versus periodontal wound healing. J Clin Periodontol. 2013;40:816–24.
Chapple LLC, Socransky SS, Dibart S, Glenwright DH, Matthews JB. Chemiluminescent as...
Bischof M, Nedir R, Szmukler-Moncler S, Bernard JP, Samson J. Implant stability measurement of delayed and immediately loaded implants during healing. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2004;5:529–39.
Sim CPC, Lang NP. Factors influencing resonance frequency analysis assessed by Osstell mentor during implant tissue integration: I. Instrument positioning, bone structure, implant length. Clin Oral Implants ...
Albrektsson T, Brånemark PI, Hansson HA, Lindström J. Osseointegrated titanium implants. Requirements for ensuring a long-lasting, direct bone-to-implant anchorage in man. Acta Orthop Scand. 1981;52:155–70.
Khongkhunthian P. Implant features. In: Khongkhunthian P, editor. PW Plus Thai Dental Implant. Bangkok: STZ Mospace design; 2015. p. 12.
Lacey DL, Timms E, Tan HL, Kelley MJ, Dunstan CR, ...
Within the limitations of this study and cautious interpretation due to small number of implants/patients, the ISQ values were weakly correlated with both ALP and OC molecules in PICF during the healing period. The results also show that osteocalcin may be used as a biological marker for monitoring implant healing at 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks after implant placement. The ISQ values showed high stabi...
Vogel and Marcotte [33] suggested that the correlation between mRNA and protein quantities is approximately 40%. As there are many mechanisms between transcription and translation, especially in human cell and protein stability, at the gene expression level, the transcription data is beneficial in making decisions about molecular candidates for future studies at the protein level. The colorimetric...
The main sources of ALP in GCF are neutrophils, bacteria within dental plaque, fibroblasts, and osteoblasts [28]. Plagnat et al. [29] suggested that longitudinal monitoring of ALP in PICF might confirm its possible use as a marker of implant failure. Considering the change in the median values of the ALP level over time, in the test group, the ALP level decreased at 1–4 weeks and then increased...
The results of this study show that, at the time of implantation, the ISQ values ranged between 67.5 and 83. The mean initial ISQ value was 77.0 ± 1.32. These findings are in harmony with those of previous studies [16, 18]. Tallarico et al. (2011) reported that the macro-design of dental implant affects the primary anchorage [16]. They suggested that the high initial ISQ value is a factor in ...
At the implant site, the OC level continuously increased with time. According to the Friedman followed by Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, there was statistically significant increase in the OC level at 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks when compared with 1 week (P
Ten patients, seven females, and three males, aged 42.4 ± 11.99 years (range, 28 to 64 years), with either a first mandibular or second mandibular molar edentulous area, who required a single nonsubmerged implant participated in this study, as shown in Table 2. The implants used for all patients were 10 mm long and 5 mm in diameter. All patients completed the follow-up. None of the impla...
Data were analyzed by using SPSS 17.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Repeated measures analysis of variance was performed to evaluate the change in the ISQ values at each measurement. The independent samples t test was used to investigate the differences in implant stability in the patients’ gender and bone quality. The Friedman test, followed by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, was used ...
The level of OC was measured by using commercially available ELISA kits (Human Osteocalcin Quantikine ELISA Kit, R&D Systems, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. A 100 μl volume of Assay Diluent RD1-117 (R&D Systems) was added into each well of the microplate and then 50 μl of standard (0–64 ng/ml) or sample was added to each well. The microplate was ...
To observe the level of two bone formation biomarkers (alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin) during the osseointegration period compared with control group using GCF from the first molar of the contralateral side of implant position, the sample collection of GCF was performed before the surgical procedure, immediately after the surgical operation and after 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks. The ...
The study is a prospective clinical study during the 3-month healing period of implant. The study was approved by the Human Experimentation Committee, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University. The study outline is shown in Fig. 1.
Ten patients, who were partially edentulous in the mandibular posterior region for whom a single nonsubmerged implant was planned, participated in this study. All o...
Osteocalcin (OC) is the most plentiful noncollagenous protein of the bone matrix. It is secreted from odontoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoblasts, in order to bind hydroxyapatite and calcium during matrix mineralization [7]. It is one of the serological markers in the bone formation process. Numerous studies have shown increased OC levels in bone formation. However, increased OC level relates more t...
Dental implants have shown a high success rate for rehabilitation of edentulous patients if certain conditions are met during treatment. Nevertheless, the risk of failure remains difficult to predict. The achievement of osseointegration depends on many factors, such as a suitable host, biocompatible materials, careful surgery, and an appropriate healing time [1].The primary stability comes from th...
Dental implants have shown a high success rate for rehabilitation of edentulous patients if certain conditions are met during treatment. Nevertheless, the risk of failure remains difficult to predict. The achievement of osseointegration depends on many factors, such as a suitable host, biocompatible materials, careful surgery, and an appropriate healing time [1].
The primary stability comes from ...
The purposes of this study were to examine the correlation between the stability of dental implants and bone formation markers during the healing period and to monitor the stability of dental implants using the resonance frequency analysis (RFA) method. The null hypothesis of the study is no correlation between the stability of dental implant and bone formation markers.
The study is a prospective...
Fig. 3. Mean bone loss at 6 months and 1 year. Mean bone loss distribution charts at 6 months and 1 year present no statistically significant difference. p value at 6 months was 0.2981 and at 1 year 0.6613
Fig. 3. Mean bone loss at 6 months and 1 year. Mean bone loss distribution charts at 6 months and 1 year present no statistically significant difference. p value at 6 months was ...
Fig. 2. ISQ values at placement, 6 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year. Mean and standard deviation of ISQ values taken at placement, 6 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year is presented. No statistical significant difference was determined between ISQ values at all time points. (p
Fig. 1. Implant design. The OSPTX and OSP implants are manufactured from high-grade commercially pure titanium with surface roughness produced via a fluoride treatment process. The OSP implant is a screw-shaped self-tapping implant. The diameter used in this study was 4.0 mm. The implant length used in this study was 8 mm. The OSPTX implant has the same features as the OSP except the apex of t...
Implant success
Clinically immobile when tested manually and/or with RFA (minimum ISQ = 65)
Absence of peri-implant radiolucency present on an undistorted radiograph
Absence of unresolved pain, discomfort, inf...
Inclusion
Male or female
At least 18 years old
Healthy enough to undergo routine implant surgery and subsequent dental treatment
Partially edentulous requiring...
Simmons, D.E., Maney, P., Teitelbaum, A.G. et al. Comparative evaluation of the stability of two different dental implant designs and surgical protocols—a pilot study.
Int J Implant Dent 3, 16 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-017-0078-2
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Received: 18 January 2017
Accepted: 22 April 2017
Published: 02 May 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-01...
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were...
Department of Periodontics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Dentistry, 1100 Florida Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70119, USA
David E. Simmons, Pooja Maney, Austin G. Teitelbaum, Susan Billiot & A. Archontia Palaiologou
Tulane University SPHTM, 1440 Canal St, Suite 2001, New Orleans, LA, 70130, USA
Lomesh J. Popat
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De Bruyn H, Raes F, Cooper LF, Reside G, Garriga JS, Tarrida LG, et al. Three-years clinical outcome of immediate provisionalization of single Osseospeed() implants in extraction sockets and healed ridges. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2013;24(2):217–23.
Ebler S, Ioannidis A, Jung RE, Hammerle CH, Thoma DS. Prospective randomized controlled clinical study comparing two types of two-piece dental impla...
O'Sullivan D, Sennerby L, Meredith N. Influence of implant taper on the primary and secondary stability of osseointegrated titanium implants. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2004;15(4):474–80.
Schwartz-Arad D, Herzberg R, Levin L. Evaluation of long-term implant success. J Periodontol. 2005;76(10):1623–8.
Alves CC, Neves M. Tapered implants: from indications to advantages. Int J Periodontics Restora...
Anitua E, Orive G. Short implants in maxillae and mandibles: a retrospective study with 1 to 8 years of follow-up. J Periodontol. 2010;81(6):819–26.
Feldman S, Boitel N, Weng D, Kohles SS, Stach RM. Five-year survival distributions of short-length (10 mm or less) machined-surfaced and Osseotite implants. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2004;6(1):16–23.
Felice P, Cannizzaro G, Checchi V, March...
DENTSPLY International, Susquehanna Commerce Center, 221 West Philadelphia Street, York, PA 17401
I-CAT 17 19; Imaging Services International LLC, 1910 North Penn Rd., Hatfield, PA 19440
Intra-Lock International, 6560 S. West Rogers Circle, Suite 24, Boca Raton, FL 33487
Osstell USA, 6700 Alexander Bell Drive, Suite 200, Columbia, MD 21046
ImageJ 1.50i Wayne Rasband National Institutes of Heal...
Survival rates and stability of OSP and OSPTX implants was comparable.
Osteotomy preparation either by the standard or by the soft bone surgical protocol had no significant effect on implant survival, success, and stability.
Insertion torque presented a moderate to strong correlation with ISQ values at 6 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year.
Insertion torque presented a weak correlation to ISQ values...
Insertion torque presented a moderate to strong correlation with ISQ values at 6 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year but not at time of implant insertion. This finding is in agreement with Acil et al. who reported no statistically significant correlation between insertion torque and ISQ at time of implant placement [22].
Although a strong correlation was found between insertion torque and bone loss at...
Augmentation of the maxillary sinus prior to dental implant placement is routinely performed in order to help patients restore their maxillary posterior dentition. Unfortunately, not all patients are candidates for this procedure due to either health, personal, or financial concerns. An alternative treatment without the need for a sinus elevation procedure is the use of a shorter implant. Research...
Overall implant survival rate was 93.3%. Two implants failed, one implant in group A (OSPTXSoft) and one in group B (OSPTXStd). Both implant failures occurred at the time of uncovery (at 6 weeks) and prior to loading of the implants and were attributed to lack of integration. With the exception of these two failed implants, there was 100% success for all remaining implants using the parameters de...
ANOVA was used to compare the mean implant stabilities between the three groups. Post hoc testing was done via Tukey’s honestly significant differences test to calculate the differences between ISQ measurements at the time of implant placement, 6 weeks and 6 and 12 months (Fig. 2) as well as bone levels at 6 and 12 months (Fig. 3). The correlations of multiple parameters such as insertion t...
Following proper approval by the LSUHSC Institution Review Board (LSUNO IRB#7438), 27 (30 implant sites) systemically healthy patients at least 18 years old were enrolled in the study and randomly divided into three groups as follows (inclusion and exclusion criteria are described in detail in Table 1):
Group A received 10 OSPTX implants using the soft bone surgical protocol (OSPTXSoft).
G...
A recent systematic review by Stocchero et al. concluded that an undersized drilling protocol in soft bone is an effective way to enhance insertion torque but recommended that further clinical studies are needed to confirm these data [18]. Our study was designed to address this question, as it compared the standard drilling protocol to a soft bone protocol.
Our study hypothesis is that the stabil...
Dental implants are now a widely accepted treatment option for the replacement of missing teeth. The therapeutic goal of dental implants is to support restorations that replace single or multiple missing teeth so as to provide patient comfort, function, and esthetics as well as assist in the ongoing maintenance of remaining intraoral and perioral structures. However, anatomic limitations such as t...
Survival and stability of OSPTX and OSP implants is comparable. Osteotomy preparation by either standard or soft bone surgical protocol presented no significant effect on implant survival and stability for the specific implant designs.
The purpose of this study was to compare a parallel wall design implant to a tapered apex design implant when placed in the posterior maxilla using two different surgical protocols.
Twenty-seven patients (30 implants) were divided into three groups. All implants were 4 mm wide in diameter and 8 mm long.
Group A received 10 tapered implants (OSPTX) (Astra Tech OsseoSpeed TX™) using the soft b...
Fig. 9. The comparison of two groups at average voxel values for each part. The comparison of voxel values by insertion torque. All specimens were classified into two groups by insertion torque
Fig. 8. The relationship between average voxel value and insertion torque (averaged over the entire treatment area). The comparison of average voxel value among IT groups. Average voxel value was 384.0 ± 154.6 in the low IT group, 387.7 ± 147.7 in the medium IT group, and 619.2 ± 200.4 in the high IT group
Fig. 8. The relationship between average voxel value and insertion torqu...
Fig. 7. The average voxel value between the maxilla and mandible. There was no difference between the maxilla (430.9 ± 211.6) and the mandible (475.6 ± 211.5) in the average voxel value. Also, no difference was found in each part
Fig. 7. The average voxel value between the maxilla and mandible. There was no difference between the maxilla (430.9 ± 211.6) and the mandible (475.6...
Fig. 6. The relationship between ISQ and insertion torque. Percentage of specimens showing ISQ ≥ 73 compared with groups by week. In all groups, a period of rapidly increasing percentages was observed (8–12 weeks in the low IT group, 4–6 weeks in the medium and high IT groups). In the medium and high IT Group, a statistically significant difference was observed between ISQ ≥ 73 a...
Fig. 5. The comparison of ISQ values by the insertion torque. Time-lapse migration of ISQ values was compared with IT groups. Each IT group displayed similar migration. A significant difference in The ISQ was found in the low IT group after 8 weeks
Fig. 5. The comparison of ISQ values by the insertion torque. Time-lapse migration of ISQ values was compared with IT groups. Each IT group displ...
Fig. 4. The classification of the insertion torque. All specimens classified into three groups according to insertion torque. Criteria for the classification are shown in the figure and in the “Methods” section
Fig. 4. The classification of the insertion torque. All specimens classified into three groups according to insertion torque. Criteria for the classification are shown in the figur...
Fig. 3. The evaluation of the average ISQ. Time-lapse migration of average ISQ. Average ISQ of all specimens increased in a time-dependent manner (results indicated by a line). A significant difference was observed by 6 weeks after surgery
Fig. 3. The evaluation of the average ISQ. Time-lapse migration of average ISQ. Average ISQ of all specimens increased in a time-dependent manner (results...
Fig. 2. The measurement of the voxel values. A case of bone quality diagnosis before treatment. Width and height of the bone were measured to select the proper size of the implant body. The selected implant body was simulated on the bone images as a symbol, and then the voxel value was calculated as described in the “Methods” section
Fig. 2. The measurement of the voxel values. A case of ...
Fig. 1. Genesio® Plus implant with Aanchor surface. Scheme of the dental implant body for the Genesio® Plus implants with Aanchor surface used. a Overview picture of Genesio® Plus implants with Aanchor surface. b Image from scanning electron microscopy. Both pictures were provided by GC Corporation. To obtain osseointegration from an early stage, the dental implant body was treated with sandb...
Number of implants
Insertion torque value (N cm)
Implant stability quotient value
0 week
2 weeks
...
Number of implants
Treatment area (FDI)
Size of implant (mm)
Length
Diameter
1
...
Homma, S., Makabe, Y., Sakai, T. et al. Prospective multicenter non-randomized controlled study on intraosseous stability and healing period for dental implants in the posterior region.
Int J Implant Dent 4, 10 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-018-0122-x
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Received: 05 September 2017
Accepted: 25 January 2018
Published: 29 March 2018
DOI: https://doi...
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were m...
This research was conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of 1964 and subsequent ethical standards, with the approval of Tokyo Dental University and Fukuoka Dental College Ethics Committee (World Medical 2013). The surgeon explained the contents of the research to each patient, who then consented to participate in the present study.
All participants consented to publish their inform...
Correspondence to
Shinya Homma.
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Implantology, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0061, Japan
Shinya Homma, Yasushi Makabe & Yasutomo Yajima
Section of Oral Implantology, Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Fukuoka Dental College, 2-15-1 Tamura, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka-City, Fukuoka, 814-0175, Japan
Takuya Sakai, Kenzou Morinaga & Hirofumi Kido
Center for Oral ...
Nedir R, Bischof M, Szmukler-Moncler S, Bernard JP, Samson J. Predicting osseointegration by means of implant primary stability. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2004;15(5):520–8.
Ito Y, Sato D, Yoneda S, Ito D, Kondo H, Kasugai S. Relevance of resonance frequency analysis to evaluate dental implant stability: simulation and histomorphometrical animal experiments. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2008;19(1):9–...
Boronat López A, Balaguer Martínez J, Lamas Pelayo J, Carrillo García C, Peñarrocha DM. Resonance frequency analysis of dental implant stability during the healing period. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2008;13(4):E244–7.
Gapski R, Wang HL, Mascarenhas P, Lang NP. Critical review of immediate implant loading. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2003;14(5):515–27.
Esposito M, Hirsch JM, Lekholm U, Th...
Schulte W, Lukas D. The Periotest method. Int Dent J. 1992;42(6):433–40.
Meredith N, Book K, Friberg B, Jemt T, Sennerby L. Resonance frequency measurements of implant stability in vivo. A cross-sectional and longitudinal study of resonance frequency measurements on implants in the edentulous and partially dentate maxilla. Clin Oral Implants Res. 1997;8(3):226–33.
Meredith N. Assessment of i...
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Cochran DL, Moeton D, Weber HP. Consensus statements and recommended clinical procedures regarding loading protocols for endosseous dental implants. Int J Oral Maxillofac ...
Cone beam CT
Computed tomography
Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine
Implant stability quotient
Insertion torque
Multi-slice CT
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the insertion torque value and the ISQ value at the implant treatment using the current rough-surfaced implant. As a result, no significant relationship was found between the insertion torque value and the ISQ value. Also, it was suggested that the ISQ value was considered to be an important indicator for observing the treatment st...
As accurate CT attenuation was not measured due to the lower spatial resolution of CBCT compared with MSCT, a CBCT was recognized as unsuitable for evaluating bone quality. However, several groups have recently reported the potential use of CBCT systems as an apparatus for estimating bone quality. Isoda et al. described a high correlation between voxel values obtained by CBCT and IT of the implant...
In this study, we could not find a significant relationship between insertion torque value and ISQ value. However, insertion torque value is an important indicator for predicting the progress of implant treatment, and ISQ value is considered to be an important indicator for observing the treatment state of the implant. Currently, the insertion torque value is used as the major decision index for t...
Increases or decreases of ISQ values are explained as follows: The inserted dental implant body is supported by mechanical interdigitating force after surgery, but this interdigitating force will be reduced time-dependently by the effects of osteoclasts activation at the initial stage of the bone remodeling process, then osseointegration will be completed by an increasing contact area between the ...
The insertion torque value in this study showed broader (10 to 50 N cm) than the previous publication (Table 2) [22, 32], and the cause of reasons for the difference are as follows: Primary stability may be affected by the bone quantity and bone quality in the treatment area, the micro- and macro-level design of the implant body, and the accuracy of the surgical technique [18, 25]. In this stud...
According to the previous literature, the obtaining osseointegration is integral to the intraosseous stability of the implant body during the healing period [24]; moreover, the importance of postoperative assessment of the intraosseous stability of the implant has also been reported [10]. Intraosseous stability of the implant body is evaluated immediately after the implant insertion and during the...
Average ISQ tended to increase during the healing period in all IT groups (Fig. 5). Average ISQ of the low IT group was 59.81 at 0 week, increasing significantly after ≥ 8 weeks (P
A total of 33 implant bodies (8 in the maxilla, 25 in the mandible) were inserted into the 27 participants (11 men, 16 women), with the average age of 54.6 ± 12.2 years (range, 32–78 years). The average IT value was 32.7 ± 9.2 N cm (32.5 ± 11.6 N cm in the maxilla, 32.8 ± 8.5 N cm in the mandible). The diameter of the implant body was 4.4 mm in 20 (60.6%) and 3.8 mm...
The CBCT was performed using a 3DX Multi-Image Micro CT FPD 8 system (J. MORITA MFG., Kyoto, Japan) (tube voltage, 80 kV; imaging area, 80 × 80 mm), and voxel values were measured with coDiagnostix™ 9.7 (dental wings, Montreal, Canada). The voxel values were calculated based on CT images for bone quality diagnosis. Voxel values were measured three times at 12 locations covering the mesial...
Implant treatment was performed in accordance with the procedure recommended by the manufacturer, without bone augmentation. A healing abutment was connected to the implant bodies after insertion (implant insertion in one stage method). A total of 17 dentists (treatment experience, 5–35 years; average, 11.5 years) performed all implant treatments in this study. All dentists who performed the i...
This prospective study was conducted jointly by Tokyo Dental College (Tokyo, Japan) and Fukuoka Dental College (Fukuoka, Japan) from January to December 2015. All study protocols were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki [21] and were approved by the ethics committees of Tokyo Dental College (approval #416) and Fukuoka Dental College (approval #213).
Participants comprised pat...
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship between IT and ISQ at implant treatment using the current rough surfaced implant. We evaluated the implant treatment sites with implant stability quotient (ISQ) values, IT values, and voxel values. We assumed that there is relevance between the insertion torque value and the ISQ value.
Dental implant treatments have improved in both convenience and predictability with refinements in implant bodies and treatment procedures as compared to about 50 years ago when clinical applications were started. Currently, an implant body surface is treated with “rough processing” by sandblasting and acid etching for the purposes of obtaining more reliable osseointegration and shortening tr...
A current implant body surface was treated with “rough processing” by sandblasting and acid etching for the purposes of obtaining more reliable osseointegration and shortening the treatment period. Various reports have examined the healing period with the use of these implant bodies, but a consensus opinion has not yet been obtained. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship be...
A current implant body surface was treated with “rough processing” by sandblasting and acid etching for the purposes of obtaining more reliable osseointegration and shortening the treatment period. Various reports have examined the healing period with the use of these implant bodies, but a consensus opinion has not yet been obtained. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship be...
Figure 8. There were moderately significant and positive correlations between the ALP levels and OC levels at all measurements from week 1 to week 12. The OC levels in pg/μg protein were associated with the ALP levels in nM/μg protein at the implant site (a), control site (b), and pooled samples of the control and implant sites (c)
Figure 7. Comparison between the trend of the biomarker levels and the trend of the ISQ values over time
Figure 6. There were weakly significant and positive correlations between the ALP or OC levels and ISQ values at all measurements from week 1 to week 12. At the implant site, the ALP levels in nM/μg protein (a) or the OC levels in pg/μg protein (b) were associated with ISQ values
Figure 5. Change in the median values of the OC level over time. In the test group, the OC level continuously increased with time. There was a statistically significant increase in the OC level at 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks when compared with 1 week (P
Figure 4. Change in the median values of the ALP level over time. In the test group, the ALP level decreased at 1–4 weeks and then increased at 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks. There was no statistically significant difference in the ALP level in either the control or the test groups at any measurement
Figure 3. Change in the median values of the GCF (control group) and PICF (test group) volume over time. In the test group, the PICF volume continuously decreased with time (a). There were no significant differences in the median values of the crevicular fluid volume in either the control group or the test groups at any measurement (b)
Figure 2. Change in the mean ISQ values over time. There was a statistically significant decrease in the mean ISQ values between 1 and 3 weeks (P
Figure 1. Timeline of the clinical study. I—implant site, T—contralateral posterior mandibular nonsurgical tooth
Time
Day 0
1 week
2 weeks
3 weeks
4 weeks
6 weeks
8 weeks
10 weeks
12 weeks
Median (interquartile range)
ALP level
(nM/μg protein)
Tooth (control)
175 (215)
203 (308)
148 (269)
143 (112)
266 (427)
145 (96)
181 (148)
191 (263)
107 (128)
Implant (test)
230 (238)
139 (139)
157 (293)
108 (134)
166 (434)
179 (251)
147 (...
Time
Day 0
1 week
2 weeks
3 weeks
4 weeks
6 weeks
8 weeks
10 weeks
12 weeks
Median (interquartile range)
CF volume (μl)
Tooth (control)
0.20 (0.23)
0.26 (0.25)
0.19 (0.20)
0.19 (0.50)
0.17 (0.33)
0.18 (0.08)
0.13 (0.24)
0.23 (0.42)
0.20 (0.17)
Implant (test)
0.26 (0.30)
0.25 (0.41)
0.16 (0.21)
0.17 (0.19)
0.18 (0.33)
0.13 (0.14)
...
Time
Day 0
1 week
2 weeks
3 weeks
4 weeks
6 weeks
8 weeks
10 weeks
12 weeks
Mean ISQ values
77.0 ± 1.32
65.6 ± 2.70a
70.5 ± 2.03a
72.1 ± 1.64a
74.2 ± 1.65
76.1 ± 1.33
78.1 ± 1.38
78.2 ± 1.32
79.6 ± 1.06
Gender
Male (n = 3)
77.0 ± 0.58
59.7 ± 4.62
71.7 ± 3.24
75.0 ± 1.89
7...
Patient no.
Age
Sex
Positiona
Bone qualityb
1
34
Female
46
3
2
38
Female
36
3
3
43
Female
37
3
4
64
Male
46
2
5
30
Female
47
3
6
48
Female
36
2
7
57
Male
36
3
8
28
Female
46
3
9
33
Male
46
2
10
49
Female
46
3
Inclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria
Patients aged 25–65 years
Presence of periodontal disease or periapical lesions
Ability to participate in this study
History of bone augmentation at the implant site in the past 6 months
No systemic diseases (e.g., diabetes, osteoporosis, hypertension, etc.)
History of tooth extraction at the implant site in the past 6 months
...
References
Albrektsson T, Brånemark PI, Hansson HA, Lindström J. Osseointegrated titanium implants. Requirements for ensuring a long-lasting, direct bone-to-implant anchorage in man. Acta Orthop Scand. 1981;52:155–70.
Khongkhunthian P. Implant features. In: Khongkhunthian P, editor. PW Plus Thai Dental Implant. Bangkok: STZ Mospace design; 2015. p. 12.
Lacey DL, Timms E, Tan HL, Kelle...
Regarding the relationship between the ISQ values and ALP or OC levels, although the ISQ values were weakly correlated with the bone markers (r = 0.226 for ALP level and r = 0.245 for OC level, P = 0.05), there were significant and positive correlations between the ISQ values and ALP or OC levels at all measurements from week 1 to week 12. These results are in harmony with the ...
That study showed that PICF volume decreased significantly from week 1 to week 3. Alteration of the gingival fluid volume and contents occur according to the condition of the tissues surrounding the teeth. The presence of inflammation increases the gingival fluid volume. Also, changes in peri-implant crevicular fluid contents and volume result from the condition of the peri-implant tis...
Discussion
The results of this study show that, at the time of implantation, the ISQ values ranged between 67.5 and 83. The mean initial ISQ value was 77.0 ± 1.32. These findings are in harmony with those of previous studies. Tallarico et al. (2011) reported that the macro-design of dental implant affects the primary anchorage. They suggested that the high initial ISQ value is a factor...
Results
Ten patients, seven females, and three males, aged 42.4 ± 11.99 years (range, 28 to 64 years), with either a first mandibular or second mandibular molar edentulous area, who required a single nonsubmerged implant participated in this study, as shown in Table 2. The implants used for all patients were 10 mm long and 5 mm in diameter. All patients completed the follow-up. None of t...
The color in the wells changed from blue to yellow. After that, the color solution in each well was measured at 450/540 nm within 30 min. The OC level in each sample was calculated from a standard curve and normalized by total protein.
The level of the ALP activity was measured by colorimetric analysis. Briefly, 80 μl of sample solution were added into each well of a 96-well microplate, and t...
Sample preparation and analysis
GCF/PICF in the Periopaper strip was eluted by adding 320 μl quantity of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) into the sample tube and incubated at 4 °C, overnight. The eluted protein solution from each gingival fluid sample was used for the biochemical analysis.
Total protein in the gingival fluid sample was measured by the Bradford analysis. Briefly, a 10 μl...
RFA assessments
At implant placement and after 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks, RFA assessments were performed using the Osstell® ISQ (Integration Diagnostics AB, Goteborg, Sweden) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. A Smartpeg™ (type 47) (Integration Diagnostics AB) was screwed to the implant using a Smartpeg mount. After Smartpeg mount removal, the RFA assessment was perf...
Methods
The study is a prospective clinical study during the 3-month healing period of implant. The study was approved by the Human Experimentation Committee, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University. The study outline is shown in Fig. 1.
Patients
Ten patients, who were partially edentulous in the mandibular posterior region for whom a single nonsubmerged implant was planned, participated ...
The second phenomenon is contact osteogenesis, in which bone formation takes place from the implant surface toward the local bone. This osteogenesis consists of the early phase of osteogenic cell migration, osteoconduction, and de novo bone formation. The de novo bone formation at a solid surface has four stages. The first stage is secretion of the two noncollagenous proteins, osteopontin, and bon...
Background
Dental implants have shown a high success rate for rehabilitation of edentulous patients if certain conditions are met during treatment. Nevertheless, the risk of failure remains difficult to predict. The achievement of osseointegration depends on many factors, such as a suitable host, biocompatible materials, careful surgery, and an appropriate healing time.
The primary stability c...
Relation between the stability of dental implants and two biological markers during the healing period: a prospective clinical study
Abstract
Objectives
The purposes of this study were to examine the correlation between the stability of dental implants and bone formation markers during the healing period and to monitor the stability of dental implants using the resonance frequency analysis (R...
Implant success
Clinically immobile when tested manually and/or with RFA (minimum ISQ = 65)
Absence of peri-implant radiolucency present on an undistorted radiograph
Absence of unresolved pain, discomfort, infection or neuropathy, or peri-implant soft tissue complications attributable to the implant
Implant placement that does not preclude delivery of a prosthetic crown w...
Figure 3. Mean bone loss at 6 months and 1 year. Mean bone loss distribution charts at 6 months and 1 year present no statistically significant difference. p value at 6 months was 0.2981 and at 1 year 0.6613
Figure 3. Mean bone loss at 6 months and 1 year. Mean bone loss distribution charts at 6 months and 1 year present no statistically significant difference. p value at 6 month...
Figure 2. ISQ values at placement, 6 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year. Mean and standard deviation of ISQ values taken at placement, 6 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year is presented. No statistical significant difference was determined between ISQ values at all time points. (p
Inclusion
Male or female
At least 18 years old
Healthy enough to undergo routine implant surgery and subsequent dental treatment
Partially edentulous requiring single dental implants in the maxilla
Adequate volume of native or grafted bone to accommodate dental implants at least 8 mm long
No active infections
Physically, emotionally, and financially able to u...
Figure 1. Implant design. The OSPTX and OSP implants are manufactured from high-grade commercially pure titanium with surface roughness produced via a fluoride treatment process. The OSP implant is a screw-shaped self-tapping implant. The diameter used in this study was 4.0 mm. The implant length used in this study was 8 mm. The OSPTX implant has the same features as the OSP except the apex ...
Discussion
Augmentation of the maxillary sinus prior to dental implant placement is routinely performed in order to help patients restore their maxillary posterior dentition. Unfortunately, not all patients are candidates for this procedure due to either health, personal, or financial concerns. An alternative treatment without the need for a sinus elevation procedure is the use of a shorter...
Results
Overall implant survival rate was 93.3%. Two implants failed, one implant in group A (OSPTXSoft) and one in group B (OSPTXStd). Both implant failures occurred at the time of uncovery (at 6 weeks) and prior to loading of the implants and were attributed to lack of integration. With the exception of these two failed implants, there was 100% success for all remaining implants using the par...
Methods
Following proper approval by the LSUHSC Institution Review Board (LSUNO IRB#7438), 27 (30 implant sites) systemically healthy patients at least 18 years old were enrolled in the study and randomly divided into three groups as follows (inclusion and exclusion criteria are described in detail in Table 1):
Group A received 10 OSPTX implants using the soft bone surgical protocol (OSPT...
To avoid invasive sinus augmentation procedures, implants have been designed in shorter lengths such as 8 mm. To further enhance short implant primary stability, a tapered design has been developed which has been proven to provide greater initial stability. Implant stability can be evaluated by different measures such as torque at the time of implant placement, resistance to reverse torque, and re...
Background
Dental implants are now a widely accepted treatment option for the replacement of missing teeth. The therapeutic goal of dental implants is to support restorations that replace single or multiple missing teeth so as to provide patient comfort, function, and esthetics as well as assist in the ongoing maintenance of remaining intraoral and perioral structures. However, anatomic limitat...
Abstract
Background
The purpose of this study was to compare a parallel wall design implant to a tapered apex design implant when placed in the posterior maxilla using two different surgical protocols.
Methods
Twenty-seven patients (30 implants) were divided into three groups. All implants were 4 mm wide in diameter and 8 mm long.
Group A received 10 tapered implants (OSPTX) (Astra Tech O...
Number of implants
Insertion torque value (N cm)
Implant stability quotient value
0 week
2 weeks
4 weeks
6 weeks
8 weeks
12 weeks
1
25
33.0
75.0
77.0
78.3
79.7
77.0
2
40
68.0
70.3
70.0
72.0
75.7
75.3
3
40
78.3
77.0
78.0
78.7
80.0
80.0
4
35
74.0
43.0
61.0
73.0
75.7
80.0
5
45
85.3
85.7
84.0
83.3
84.0
83.0
6...
Number of implants
Treatment area (FDI)
Size of implant (mm)
Length
Diameter
1
14
10
3.8
2
14
10
3.8
3
14
10
3.8
4
16
8
3.8
5
16
10
4.4
6
16
8
4.4
7
16
8
4.4
8
17
10
4.4
9
36
10
3.8
10
36
10
4.4
11
36
8
3.8
12
36
10
3.8
13
36
12
4.4
14
36
10
4.4
15
36
10
4.4
...
Figure 9. The comparison of two groups at average voxel values for each part. The comparison of voxel values by insertion torque. All specimens were classified into two groups by insertion torque
Figure 8. The relationship between average voxel value and insertion torque (averaged over the entire treatment area). The comparison of average voxel value among IT groups. Average voxel value was 384.0 ± 154.6 in the low IT group, 387.7 ± 147.7 in the medium IT group, and 619.2 ± 200.4 in the high IT group
Figure 7. The average voxel value between the maxilla and mandible. There was no difference between the maxilla (430.9 ± 211.6) and the mandible (475.6 ± 211.5) in the average voxel value. Also, no difference was found in each part
Figure 6. The relationship between ISQ and insertion torque. Percentage of specimens showing ISQ ≥ 73 compared with groups by week. In all groups, a period of rapidly increasing percentages was observed (8–12 weeks in the low IT group, 4–6 weeks in the medium and high IT groups). In the medium and high IT Group, a statistically significant difference was observed between ISQ ...
Figure 5. The comparison of ISQ values by the insertion torque. Time-lapse migration of ISQ values was compared with IT groups. Each IT group displayed similar migration. A significant difference in The ISQ was found in the low IT group after 8 weeks
Figure 4. The classification of the insertion torque. All specimens classified into three groups according to insertion torque. Criteria for the classification are shown in the figure and in the “Methods” section
Figure 3. The evaluation of the average ISQ. Time-lapse migration of average ISQ. Average ISQ of all specimens increased in a time-dependent manner (results indicated by a line). A significant difference was observed by 6 weeks after surgery
Figure 2. The measurement of the voxel values. A case of bone quality diagnosis before treatment. Width and height of the bone were measured to select the proper size of the implant body. The selected implant body was simulated on the bone images as a symbol, and then the voxel value was calculated as described in the "Method" section
Figure 1. Genesio® Plus implant with Aanchor surface. Scheme of the dental implant body for the Genesio® Plus implants with Aanchor surface used. a Overview picture of Genesio® Plus implants with Aanchor surface. b Image from scanning electron microscopy. Both pictures were provided by GC Corporation. To obtain osseointegration from an early stage, the dental implant body was treated...
According to the measurement of the average voxel values in this study, a significant difference was seen between the high IT group and the low/medium IT group, but no significant difference was found between the low and medium IT groups (Fig. 7). Specimens showing IT ≥ 40 N cm were thought to have a good bone quality, and voxel values at each part of the implant (neck, middle apex) were...
A bone quality of the treated area may affect primary stability as described above, preoperative analysis of bone quality is important for clarifying the primary stability of dental implants. This study analyzed bone quality using voxel values obtained using Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) data from CBCT. According to the result of that analysis, it was...
A significant difference was observed between 0 and ≥ 8 weeks (Fig. 5). The ISQ did not change significantly during the experimental period in the medium or high IT groups, but the percentage of high ISQ (≥ 73) specimens was significantly higher at 4 to 6 weeks compared to other time periods in both groups (Figs. 5 and 6). The results in this study suggest that if the...
Other studies have suggested that ISQ immediately after implant insertion should be about 60, with ISQ subsequently decreasing over weeks 0–4 and increasing over weeks 4–8 after surgery. ISQ values 57–70 may indicate that intraosseous stability of the implant body is constant.
Increases or decreases of ISQ values are explained as follows: The inserted dental implant bo...
The insertion torque value in this study showed broader (10 to 50 N cm) than the previous publication (Table 2), and the cause of reasons for the difference are as follows: Primary stability may be affected by the bone quantity and bone quality in the treatment area, the micro- and macro-level design of the implant body, and the accuracy of the surgical technique. In this ...
Discussion
According to the previous literature, the obtaining osseointegration is integral to the intraosseous stability of the implant body during the healing period; moreover, the importance of postoperative assessment of the intraosseous stability of the implant has also been reported. Intraosseous stability of the implant body is evaluated immediately after the implant ...
Average ISQ tended to increase during the healing period in all IT groups (Fig. 5). Average ISQ of the low IT group was 59.81 at 0 week, increasing significantly after ≥ 8 weeks (P
Methods
Research design and study participants
This prospective study was conducted jointly by Tokyo Dental College (Tokyo, Japan) and Fukuoka Dental College (Fukuoka, Japan) from January to December 2015. All study protocols were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and were approved by the ethics committees of Tokyo Dental College (approval #416) and Fukuoka Dental Colle...
Results
Study overview
A total of 33 implant bodies (8 in the maxilla, 25 in the mandible) were inserted into the 27 participants (11 men, 16 women), with the average age of 54.6 ± 12.2 years (range, 32–78 years). The average IT value was 32.7 ± 9.2 N cm (32.5 ± 11.6 N cm in the maxilla, 32.8 ± 8.5 N cm in the mandible). The diameter of the implant body wa...
Methods
Research design and study participants
This prospective study was conducted jointly by Tokyo Dental College (Tokyo, Japan) and Fukuoka Dental College (Fukuoka, Japan) from January to December 2015. All study protocols were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and were approved by the ethics committees of Tokyo Dental College (approval #416) and Fuku...
Background
Dental implant treatments have improved in both convenience and predictability with refinements in implant bodies and treatment procedures as compared to about 50 years ago when clinical applications were started. Currently, an implant body surface is treated with “rough processing” by sandblasting and acid etching for the purposes of obtaining more reliable osseo...
Abstract
Background
A current implant body surface was treated with “rough processing” by sandblasting and acid etching for the purposes of obtaining more reliable osseointegration and shortening the treatment period. Various reports have examined the healing period with the use of these implant bodies, but a consensus opinion has not yet been obtained. The purpose of this study is to eval...
Figure 3. Comparison of standard and over-dimensioned protocol. The figure displayed shows the comparison between standard and over-dimensioned protocol. a Displays the measurements obtained by RFA. The unit is ISQ with a range of 0 to 100 (minimum to maximum stability). b Displays the results obtained by the torque in and c by the torque out test. Although, there was no statistically s...
Figure 2. Over-dimensioned protocol. The over-dimensioned protocol was conducted by a final drill of 1 mm narrower than the implant diameter. The final drill for implants of 3.3. mm was 3.2 mm and of implants measuring 3.75 mm, it was 3.65 mm. Within this study, an over-dimensioned protocol was defined as a final drill larger than recommended by the company, which is in this case 4 o...
Figure 1. Standard protocol. This figure shows the implant types and drilling protocol used within this study. Standard protocol was conducted by a final drill of 2.80 mm for 3.3 mm implants, 3.20 mm for 3.75 mm implants, and 3.65 mm for 4.2 mm implants. Permissions for reproducing the figures were received from HI-TEC IMPLANTS LTD. Source: Product Catalogue 12th Edition [40]
3.3 mm
3.75 mm
4.2 mm
Mean (SD)
CI
Mean (SD)
CI
Mean (SD)
CI
ISQ
66.33 (4.59)
63.79–68.88
69.00 (5.98)
64.72–73.28
69.87 (8.88)
64.94–74.78
IT (Ncm)
102.65 (28.42)
86.91–118.39
90.97 (27.54)
71.27–110.67
78.19 (33.28)
59.76–96.62
TO (Ncm)
94.54 (29.09)
78.43–110.65
81.28 (28.89)
60.67–101.88
100.86 (36....
8.0 mm
10.0 mm
11.5 mm
13.0 mm
16.0 mm
Mean (SD)
CI
Mean (SD)
CI
Mean (SD)
CI
Mean (SD)
CI
Mean (SD)
CI
ISQ
65.5 (8.40)
58.48–72.52
73.17 (3.60)
69.39–76.95
67.11 (6.09)
62.43–71.79
66.15 (8.15)
59.43–73.07
70.67 (4.97)
66.84–74.49
IT (Ncm)
98.23 (18.56)
82.71–113.74
99.49 (43.73)
53.60–145.48
101.02 (36.80)
72.74–...
Insertion mode — manual insertion
Insertion mode — machine-driven insertion
n
Mean (SD)
CI
n
Mean (SD)
CI
ISQ
45
68.33 (6.83)
66.14–70.51
45
70.25 (5.52)
68.38–72.12
IT (Ncm)
45
90.56 (31.27)
80.56–100.56
45
83.94 (31.81)
73.17–94.7
TO (Ncm)
45
93.59 (32.3)
83.27–103.92
45
89.80 (37.32)
77.18–102.43
ISQ impla...
Drilling sequence — standard protocol
Drilling sequence — over-dimensioned protocol
n
Mean (SD)
CI
n
Mean (SD)
CI
ISQ
45
68.33 (6.83)
66.14–70.51
30
68.5 (8.82)
65.08–71.92
IT (Ncm)
45
90.56 (31.27)
80.56–100.56
30
63.74 (48.61)
44.89–82.59
TO (Ncm)
45
93.59 (32.3)
83.27–103.92
30
58.35 (40.43)
42.67–74.02
ISQ im...
Contrary to the research hypothesis, there was no difference in primary stability between manually and machine-driven inserted implants. To date, little is known about the influence of the insertion mode on the dental implant primary stability. Novsak et al. assumed a better primary stability in implants inserted manually and suspected that this behavior was related to a higher tac...
However, caution is recommended when using under-dimensioned drilling protocols: although high insertion torques ensure a greater initial implant stability and prevent adverse micromotions under loading, the induced over-compression could jeopardize the healing process. In addition, high stress is known to alter angiogenesis and impair new vessel formations, to induce local hypoxia and n...
Discussion
This study was performed in order to investigate changes in primary stability within an experimental setup of different insertion protocols and insertion modes. In order to obtain a high level of diagnostic certainty, three different methods for measurement of primary stability were recorded. As a secondary outcome parameter, potential differences between implants of different le...
Results
Drilling protocol: standard versus over-dimensioned
No statistically significant difference in RFA could be measured (Cohen’s d = − 0.022, effect size r = 0.011, p = 0.260), whereas IT values were significantly higher in implants inserted via SP (90.56 ± 31.27 Ncm) in comparison with the ODP (63.74 ± 48.61 Ncm, p = 0.002; Cohen’s d = 0.656, effect size r = 0.312). T...
Preparation protocol for oversized osteotomies (ODP)
This protocol repeated the steps of the standard protocol but then added a larger final drill. For the 3.3-mm implants, the final drill size was 3.2 mm; for the 3.75-mm implants, the final drill size was 3.65 mm (Fig. 2).
RFA
To analyze the data, an Osstell® SmartPeg threaded transducer (implant diameter 3.3 and 3.75 mm: SmartPeg Type ...
Methods
Bone specimens
Twenty mandibles from fresh porcine cadavers were obtained from a local slaughterhouse. The animals did not show any macroscopic signs of any pathologic bone conditions. After removal of the surrounding soft tissue, the surfaces of the bone samples were thoroughly cleaned. Each sample was checked macroscopically for irregularities and a minimum thickness of 20 mm at th...
Analyzing those, a decrease in primary and an increase in secondary stability with a shorter healing period for implants became apparent. Kim et al. compared the effect of oversized drilling sockets regarding bone-to-implant contact and bone density after 4 and 8 weeks in an in vivo dog model. They used a final drill of 4.00 mm for implants with a diameter of 4 mm in the oversized group and a ...
With increasing stiffness of the bone-implant interface, the vibration frequency of the sensor increases. While RFA is expressed in hertz, implant stability quotient (ISQ) is the scale used to quantify RFA values (range 1–100).
Even though RFA has been reported to be a reliable, reproducible, and objective method to measure the stiffness of bone-implant-complex, it has also been reported that R...
Background
A reliable option for replacing teeth is the insertion of osseointegrated implants. Dental implant primary stability (DIS) has also been reported to be a fundamental prerequisite for long-term success of dental implants, even though osseointegration has also been achieved without a certain amount of primary stability. Primary stability has been defined as the ability to withstand axi...
Abstract
Background
Dental implant primary stability is thought to be a fundamental prerequisite for the long-term survival and success. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of protocol and insertion mode on dental implant stability ex vivo. One hundred and twenty implants were inserted either manually or machine-driven into porcine mandibles by a standard or over-dimensioned pro...