Figure 5. at the time of placement) to 0.25 mm outside (the same width of the aforementioned) of the virtual implant.
Figure 5. Measurement site of the voxel values. The width of the measurement site was defined as 0.50 mm, i.e., from 0.25 mm inside (the to-be-compressed area at the time of placement) to 0.25 mm outside (the same width of the aforementioned) of the virtual implant.
Figure 4. rtual implant was placed in the implant cavity by simulation.
Figure 4. Setting the evaluation site. An implant placement simulation software (Osaka Landmarker ver. 5.0 with special specifications for study purposes, iCAT, Osaka, Japan) was used as the image analysis software. The virtual implant was placed in the implant cavity by simulation.
Figure 3. The special implant cavity-forming device. This device is able to adjust the up-and-down movement speed and the rotation speed of the drill.
Figure 3. The special implant cavity-forming device. This device is able to adjust the up-and-down movement speed and the rotation speed of the drill.
Figure 2. hanically polished surface.
Figure 2. The implants in this study. Two kinds of diameters (3.8 mm, 5.0 mm) and two kinds of lengths (7.0 mm, 12.0 mm) having a general threadlike shape with a mechanically polished surface.
Figure 1.
Figure 1. The bone model in this study (a pig's ilium). (a) The whole picture of the ilium. (b) The flat part of the posterior margin of the ilium. (c) The CT image of the ilium.
Dependent variable = ITVs
(n = 49)
Independent variables
Standardized partial regression coefficient (P value)
Thickness of the cor...
Dependent variable = ITVs
(n = 47)
Independent variables
Standardized partial regression coefficient (P value)
Thickness of the cor...
Bone factors/stability factors
Diameter (mm)
Length (mm)
r
P
n
Thickness of the cortical bone/ITVs
3.8
7
0.744**
Wada, M., Tsuiki, Y., Suganami, T. et al. The relationship between the bone characters obtained by CBCT and primary stability of the implants. Int J Implant Dent 1, 3 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-014-0003-x
Download citation
Received: 18 September 2014
Accepted: 20 November 2014
Published: 12 February 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-014-0003-x
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits use, duplication, adaptation, distribution, and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and in...
Masahiro Wada, Yasutane Tsuiki, Tohru Suganami, Kazunori Ikebe, Motofumi Sogo, Ikuhisa Okuno and Yoshinobu Maeda declare that they have no competing interests.
MW drafted the article and collected the data. YT and TS collected the data. KI performed the data analysis and statistical analysis. MS interpreted the data. IO analyzed the data. YM designed the research and approved the article. All aut...
Department of Prosthodontics, Gerodontology and Oral Rehabilitation, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
Masahiro Wada, Yasutane Tsuiki, Tohru Suganami, Kazunori Ikebe, Motofumi Sogo, Ikuhisa Okuno & Yoshinobu Maeda
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Sc...
This study was partially supported by GC Company.
Nkenke E, Hahn M, Weinzierl K, Radespiel-Troger M, Neukam FW, Engelke K. Implant stability and histomorphometry: a correlation study in human cadavers using stepped cylinder implants. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2003; 14:601–9.
Motoyoshi M, Yoshida T, Ono A, Shimizu N. Effect of cortical bone thickness and implant placement torque on stability of orthodontic mini-implants. Int J Oral Maxillofac Imp...
Lekholm U, Zarb G. Patient selection and preparation. In: Osseointegration in Clinical Dentistry. Chicago: Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc. 1985; p. 199–209
Misch CE. Contemporary Implant Dentistry. St. Louis: Mosby, 1993; p. 469–85.
Turkyilmaz I, Sennerby L, McGlumphy EA, Tozum TF. Biomechanical aspects of primary implant stability: a human cadaver study. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2009; ...
Ottoni JM, Oliveira ZF, Mansini R, Cabral AM. Correlation between placement torque and survival of single-tooth implants.
Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2005; 20:769–76.
Beer A, Gahleitner A, Holm A, Tschabitscher M, Homolka P. Correlation of insertion torques with bone mineral density from dental quantitative CT in the mandible.
Clin Oral Implants Res. 2003; 14(5):616–20.
Meredith N. Ass...
In this limited study, there was a correlation between the thickness of the cortical bone or the voxel values obtained from the CBCT scanning images prior to the implant placement and the implant stabilities. Besides, it was confirmed that the thickness of the cortical bone, the voxel value, and the length of the implant had positive correlations with the ITVs and that the thickness and length had...
Although this study is different from the previous studies in that the thickness of the cortical bone and bone density were determined from the voxel values calculated by CBCT, a significantly positive correlation of the thickness of the cortical bone and the voxel values with ITVs and ISQ values was confirmed as in the previous studies. Furthermore, the multiple regression analysis with the ITVs ...
Ikumi used a MDCT scan for actual patients to calculate the CT values of the 1-mm surrounding area of the planned implant placement site using implant simulation software [25]. However, it is likely that the precise measurement cannot be performed in the case where the actual implant cavity was formed off the planned implant site because the density of the bone around the planned implant site was ...
A significant positive correlation was found between the thickness of the cortical bone and ITVs or ISQ values in all kinds of implants. In addition, a significant positive correlation was also found between the voxel values and ITVs. On the other hand, in the relationship between the voxel values and ISQ values, we cannot confirm a correlation of the implant of 5.0 mm in width and 12.0 mm in le...
The relationships of the thickness of the cortical bone and the voxel values with the ITVs and the ISQ values were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Then, multiple regression analysis was performed using the ITVs or the ISQ values as the dependent variable and using the thickness of the cortical bone, the voxel value, and the length of the implant as the independent variables to ev...
All the procedures of forming an implant cavity were unified as follows according to protocols. Firstly, the implant cavity was constructed by using a 2.0-mm-depth drill after marking the implant site using a guide drill. Secondly, a 3.1-mm pilot drill and a 3.1-mm twist drill were used to form a cavity for an implant with 3.8-mm diameter, and a 4.3-mm pilot drill and a 4.3-mm twist drill were use...
A flat part of a pig's ilium was used as the implant placement site to secure as vertical implant placement and an equal depth of insertion to the bone surface as possible (Figure 1).
GXCB-500® (GENDEX, Des Plaines, IL, USA) was used as the CBCT device to obtain almost identical voxel values to the CT values that could be obtained from MDCT. Scanning conditions were as follows: the tube current...
It is therefore considered that MDCT is appropriate for the precise evaluation of bone density. However, since the use of CBCT is spreading rapidly among general practitioners, it is clinically of great significance to predict the primary stability after implant placement using the information obtained by CBCT. In addition, in late years, CBCT or the calibration software which can convert the voxe...
Some of the methods to evaluate the bone quality that influences the primary implant stability have already been applied in a clinical practice. Lekholm and Zarb classified bone density into four types in terms of radiography, with the thickness of the cortical bone and the density of the spongy bone as the indexes [14]. This classification method is accepted most commonly at present but is proble...
The primary stability of an implant at the time of placement is considered as one of the key factors for clinical success of implant treatment [1-6]. Orenstein et al. reported that implants that were appropriately stabilized without any mobility at the time of placement had a significantly high survival rate compared with those that were not [7].
The evaluation of the primary implant stability is...
The aim of this study is to investigate the correlation between the thickness of the cortical bone or the voxel values that are obtained by cone beam CT (CBCT) and the insertion torque values (ITVs) or the implant stability quotient (ISQ) values.
A pig's ilium was used as the implant placement site. The implants used in this study were two kinds of diameters (3.8 mm, 5.0 mm) and two kinds of le...
Fig. 9. The comparison of two groups at average voxel values for each part. The comparison of voxel values by insertion torque. All specimens were classified into two groups by insertion torque
Fig. 8. The relationship between average voxel value and insertion torque (averaged over the entire treatment area). The comparison of average voxel value among IT groups. Average voxel value was 384.0 ± 154.6 in the low IT group, 387.7 ± 147.7 in the medium IT group, and 619.2 ± 200.4 in the high IT group
Fig. 8. The relationship between average voxel value and insertion torqu...
Fig. 7. The average voxel value between the maxilla and mandible. There was no difference between the maxilla (430.9 ± 211.6) and the mandible (475.6 ± 211.5) in the average voxel value. Also, no difference was found in each part
Fig. 7. The average voxel value between the maxilla and mandible. There was no difference between the maxilla (430.9 ± 211.6) and the mandible (475.6...
Fig. 6. The relationship between ISQ and insertion torque. Percentage of specimens showing ISQ ≥ 73 compared with groups by week. In all groups, a period of rapidly increasing percentages was observed (8–12 weeks in the low IT group, 4–6 weeks in the medium and high IT groups). In the medium and high IT Group, a statistically significant difference was observed between ISQ ≥ 73 a...
Fig. 5. The comparison of ISQ values by the insertion torque. Time-lapse migration of ISQ values was compared with IT groups. Each IT group displayed similar migration. A significant difference in The ISQ was found in the low IT group after 8 weeks
Fig. 5. The comparison of ISQ values by the insertion torque. Time-lapse migration of ISQ values was compared with IT groups. Each IT group displ...
Fig. 4. The classification of the insertion torque. All specimens classified into three groups according to insertion torque. Criteria for the classification are shown in the figure and in the “Methods” section
Fig. 4. The classification of the insertion torque. All specimens classified into three groups according to insertion torque. Criteria for the classification are shown in the figur...
Fig. 3. The evaluation of the average ISQ. Time-lapse migration of average ISQ. Average ISQ of all specimens increased in a time-dependent manner (results indicated by a line). A significant difference was observed by 6 weeks after surgery
Fig. 3. The evaluation of the average ISQ. Time-lapse migration of average ISQ. Average ISQ of all specimens increased in a time-dependent manner (results...
Fig. 2. The measurement of the voxel values. A case of bone quality diagnosis before treatment. Width and height of the bone were measured to select the proper size of the implant body. The selected implant body was simulated on the bone images as a symbol, and then the voxel value was calculated as described in the “Methods” section
Fig. 2. The measurement of the voxel values. A case of ...
Fig. 1. Genesio® Plus implant with Aanchor surface. Scheme of the dental implant body for the Genesio® Plus implants with Aanchor surface used. a Overview picture of Genesio® Plus implants with Aanchor surface. b Image from scanning electron microscopy. Both pictures were provided by GC Corporation. To obtain osseointegration from an early stage, the dental implant body was treated with sandb...
Number of implants
Insertion torque value (N cm)
Implant stability quotient value
0 week
2 weeks
...
Number of implants
Treatment area (FDI)
Size of implant (mm)
Length
Diameter
1
...
Homma, S., Makabe, Y., Sakai, T. et al. Prospective multicenter non-randomized controlled study on intraosseous stability and healing period for dental implants in the posterior region.
Int J Implant Dent 4, 10 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-018-0122-x
Download citation
Received: 05 September 2017
Accepted: 25 January 2018
Published: 29 March 2018
DOI: https://doi...
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were m...
This research was conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of 1964 and subsequent ethical standards, with the approval of Tokyo Dental University and Fukuoka Dental College Ethics Committee (World Medical 2013). The surgeon explained the contents of the research to each patient, who then consented to participate in the present study.
All participants consented to publish their inform...
Correspondence to
Shinya Homma.
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Implantology, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0061, Japan
Shinya Homma, Yasushi Makabe & Yasutomo Yajima
Section of Oral Implantology, Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Fukuoka Dental College, 2-15-1 Tamura, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka-City, Fukuoka, 814-0175, Japan
Takuya Sakai, Kenzou Morinaga & Hirofumi Kido
Center for Oral ...
Nedir R, Bischof M, Szmukler-Moncler S, Bernard JP, Samson J. Predicting osseointegration by means of implant primary stability. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2004;15(5):520–8.
Ito Y, Sato D, Yoneda S, Ito D, Kondo H, Kasugai S. Relevance of resonance frequency analysis to evaluate dental implant stability: simulation and histomorphometrical animal experiments. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2008;19(1):9–...
Boronat López A, Balaguer Martínez J, Lamas Pelayo J, Carrillo García C, Peñarrocha DM. Resonance frequency analysis of dental implant stability during the healing period. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2008;13(4):E244–7.
Gapski R, Wang HL, Mascarenhas P, Lang NP. Critical review of immediate implant loading. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2003;14(5):515–27.
Esposito M, Hirsch JM, Lekholm U, Th...
Schulte W, Lukas D. The Periotest method. Int Dent J. 1992;42(6):433–40.
Meredith N, Book K, Friberg B, Jemt T, Sennerby L. Resonance frequency measurements of implant stability in vivo. A cross-sectional and longitudinal study of resonance frequency measurements on implants in the edentulous and partially dentate maxilla. Clin Oral Implants Res. 1997;8(3):226–33.
Meredith N. Assessment of i...
Aparicio C, Rangert B, Sennerby L. Immediate/early loading of dental implants. A report from the Sociedad Española de Implantes World Congress consensus meeting in Barcelona, Spain 2002. Implant Dent Relat Res. 2003;5:57–60.
Cochran DL, Moeton D, Weber HP. Consensus statements and recommended clinical procedures regarding loading protocols for endosseous dental implants. Int J Oral Maxillofac ...
Cone beam CT
Computed tomography
Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine
Implant stability quotient
Insertion torque
Multi-slice CT
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the insertion torque value and the ISQ value at the implant treatment using the current rough-surfaced implant. As a result, no significant relationship was found between the insertion torque value and the ISQ value. Also, it was suggested that the ISQ value was considered to be an important indicator for observing the treatment st...
As accurate CT attenuation was not measured due to the lower spatial resolution of CBCT compared with MSCT, a CBCT was recognized as unsuitable for evaluating bone quality. However, several groups have recently reported the potential use of CBCT systems as an apparatus for estimating bone quality. Isoda et al. described a high correlation between voxel values obtained by CBCT and IT of the implant...
In this study, we could not find a significant relationship between insertion torque value and ISQ value. However, insertion torque value is an important indicator for predicting the progress of implant treatment, and ISQ value is considered to be an important indicator for observing the treatment state of the implant. Currently, the insertion torque value is used as the major decision index for t...
Increases or decreases of ISQ values are explained as follows: The inserted dental implant body is supported by mechanical interdigitating force after surgery, but this interdigitating force will be reduced time-dependently by the effects of osteoclasts activation at the initial stage of the bone remodeling process, then osseointegration will be completed by an increasing contact area between the ...
The insertion torque value in this study showed broader (10 to 50 N cm) than the previous publication (Table 2) [22, 32], and the cause of reasons for the difference are as follows: Primary stability may be affected by the bone quantity and bone quality in the treatment area, the micro- and macro-level design of the implant body, and the accuracy of the surgical technique [18, 25]. In this stud...
According to the previous literature, the obtaining osseointegration is integral to the intraosseous stability of the implant body during the healing period [24]; moreover, the importance of postoperative assessment of the intraosseous stability of the implant has also been reported [10]. Intraosseous stability of the implant body is evaluated immediately after the implant insertion and during the...
Average ISQ tended to increase during the healing period in all IT groups (Fig. 5). Average ISQ of the low IT group was 59.81 at 0 week, increasing significantly after ≥ 8 weeks (P
A total of 33 implant bodies (8 in the maxilla, 25 in the mandible) were inserted into the 27 participants (11 men, 16 women), with the average age of 54.6 ± 12.2 years (range, 32–78 years). The average IT value was 32.7 ± 9.2 N cm (32.5 ± 11.6 N cm in the maxilla, 32.8 ± 8.5 N cm in the mandible). The diameter of the implant body was 4.4 mm in 20 (60.6%) and 3.8 mm...
The CBCT was performed using a 3DX Multi-Image Micro CT FPD 8 system (J. MORITA MFG., Kyoto, Japan) (tube voltage, 80 kV; imaging area, 80 × 80 mm), and voxel values were measured with coDiagnostix™ 9.7 (dental wings, Montreal, Canada). The voxel values were calculated based on CT images for bone quality diagnosis. Voxel values were measured three times at 12 locations covering the mesial...
Implant treatment was performed in accordance with the procedure recommended by the manufacturer, without bone augmentation. A healing abutment was connected to the implant bodies after insertion (implant insertion in one stage method). A total of 17 dentists (treatment experience, 5–35 years; average, 11.5 years) performed all implant treatments in this study. All dentists who performed the i...
This prospective study was conducted jointly by Tokyo Dental College (Tokyo, Japan) and Fukuoka Dental College (Fukuoka, Japan) from January to December 2015. All study protocols were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki [21] and were approved by the ethics committees of Tokyo Dental College (approval #416) and Fukuoka Dental College (approval #213).
Participants comprised pat...
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship between IT and ISQ at implant treatment using the current rough surfaced implant. We evaluated the implant treatment sites with implant stability quotient (ISQ) values, IT values, and voxel values. We assumed that there is relevance between the insertion torque value and the ISQ value.
Dental implant treatments have improved in both convenience and predictability with refinements in implant bodies and treatment procedures as compared to about 50 years ago when clinical applications were started. Currently, an implant body surface is treated with “rough processing” by sandblasting and acid etching for the purposes of obtaining more reliable osseointegration and shortening tr...
A current implant body surface was treated with “rough processing” by sandblasting and acid etching for the purposes of obtaining more reliable osseointegration and shortening the treatment period. Various reports have examined the healing period with the use of these implant bodies, but a consensus opinion has not yet been obtained. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship be...
A current implant body surface was treated with “rough processing” by sandblasting and acid etching for the purposes of obtaining more reliable osseointegration and shortening the treatment period. Various reports have examined the healing period with the use of these implant bodies, but a consensus opinion has not yet been obtained. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship be...
Number of implants
Insertion torque value (N cm)
Implant stability quotient value
0 week
2 weeks
4 weeks
6 weeks
8 weeks
12 weeks
1
25
33.0
75.0
77.0
78.3
79.7
77.0
2
40
68.0
70.3
70.0
72.0
75.7
75.3
3
40
78.3
77.0
78.0
78.7
80.0
80.0
4
35
74.0
43.0
61.0
73.0
75.7
80.0
5
45
85.3
85.7
84.0
83.3
84.0
83.0
6...
Number of implants
Treatment area (FDI)
Size of implant (mm)
Length
Diameter
1
14
10
3.8
2
14
10
3.8
3
14
10
3.8
4
16
8
3.8
5
16
10
4.4
6
16
8
4.4
7
16
8
4.4
8
17
10
4.4
9
36
10
3.8
10
36
10
4.4
11
36
8
3.8
12
36
10
3.8
13
36
12
4.4
14
36
10
4.4
15
36
10
4.4
...
Figure 9. The comparison of two groups at average voxel values for each part. The comparison of voxel values by insertion torque. All specimens were classified into two groups by insertion torque
Figure 8. The relationship between average voxel value and insertion torque (averaged over the entire treatment area). The comparison of average voxel value among IT groups. Average voxel value was 384.0 ± 154.6 in the low IT group, 387.7 ± 147.7 in the medium IT group, and 619.2 ± 200.4 in the high IT group
Figure 7. The average voxel value between the maxilla and mandible. There was no difference between the maxilla (430.9 ± 211.6) and the mandible (475.6 ± 211.5) in the average voxel value. Also, no difference was found in each part
Figure 6. The relationship between ISQ and insertion torque. Percentage of specimens showing ISQ ≥ 73 compared with groups by week. In all groups, a period of rapidly increasing percentages was observed (8–12 weeks in the low IT group, 4–6 weeks in the medium and high IT groups). In the medium and high IT Group, a statistically significant difference was observed between ISQ ...
Figure 5. The comparison of ISQ values by the insertion torque. Time-lapse migration of ISQ values was compared with IT groups. Each IT group displayed similar migration. A significant difference in The ISQ was found in the low IT group after 8 weeks
Figure 4. The classification of the insertion torque. All specimens classified into three groups according to insertion torque. Criteria for the classification are shown in the figure and in the “Methods” section
Figure 3. The evaluation of the average ISQ. Time-lapse migration of average ISQ. Average ISQ of all specimens increased in a time-dependent manner (results indicated by a line). A significant difference was observed by 6 weeks after surgery
Figure 2. The measurement of the voxel values. A case of bone quality diagnosis before treatment. Width and height of the bone were measured to select the proper size of the implant body. The selected implant body was simulated on the bone images as a symbol, and then the voxel value was calculated as described in the "Method" section
Figure 1. Genesio® Plus implant with Aanchor surface. Scheme of the dental implant body for the Genesio® Plus implants with Aanchor surface used. a Overview picture of Genesio® Plus implants with Aanchor surface. b Image from scanning electron microscopy. Both pictures were provided by GC Corporation. To obtain osseointegration from an early stage, the dental implant body was treated...
According to the measurement of the average voxel values in this study, a significant difference was seen between the high IT group and the low/medium IT group, but no significant difference was found between the low and medium IT groups (Fig. 7). Specimens showing IT ≥ 40 N cm were thought to have a good bone quality, and voxel values at each part of the implant (neck, middle apex) were...
A bone quality of the treated area may affect primary stability as described above, preoperative analysis of bone quality is important for clarifying the primary stability of dental implants. This study analyzed bone quality using voxel values obtained using Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) data from CBCT. According to the result of that analysis, it was...
A significant difference was observed between 0 and ≥ 8 weeks (Fig. 5). The ISQ did not change significantly during the experimental period in the medium or high IT groups, but the percentage of high ISQ (≥ 73) specimens was significantly higher at 4 to 6 weeks compared to other time periods in both groups (Figs. 5 and 6). The results in this study suggest that if the...
Other studies have suggested that ISQ immediately after implant insertion should be about 60, with ISQ subsequently decreasing over weeks 0–4 and increasing over weeks 4–8 after surgery. ISQ values 57–70 may indicate that intraosseous stability of the implant body is constant.
Increases or decreases of ISQ values are explained as follows: The inserted dental implant bo...
The insertion torque value in this study showed broader (10 to 50 N cm) than the previous publication (Table 2), and the cause of reasons for the difference are as follows: Primary stability may be affected by the bone quantity and bone quality in the treatment area, the micro- and macro-level design of the implant body, and the accuracy of the surgical technique. In this ...
Discussion
According to the previous literature, the obtaining osseointegration is integral to the intraosseous stability of the implant body during the healing period; moreover, the importance of postoperative assessment of the intraosseous stability of the implant has also been reported. Intraosseous stability of the implant body is evaluated immediately after the implant ...
Average ISQ tended to increase during the healing period in all IT groups (Fig. 5). Average ISQ of the low IT group was 59.81 at 0 week, increasing significantly after ≥ 8 weeks (P
Methods
Research design and study participants
This prospective study was conducted jointly by Tokyo Dental College (Tokyo, Japan) and Fukuoka Dental College (Fukuoka, Japan) from January to December 2015. All study protocols were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and were approved by the ethics committees of Tokyo Dental College (approval #416) and Fukuoka Dental Colle...
Results
Study overview
A total of 33 implant bodies (8 in the maxilla, 25 in the mandible) were inserted into the 27 participants (11 men, 16 women), with the average age of 54.6 ± 12.2 years (range, 32–78 years). The average IT value was 32.7 ± 9.2 N cm (32.5 ± 11.6 N cm in the maxilla, 32.8 ± 8.5 N cm in the mandible). The diameter of the implant body wa...
Methods
Research design and study participants
This prospective study was conducted jointly by Tokyo Dental College (Tokyo, Japan) and Fukuoka Dental College (Fukuoka, Japan) from January to December 2015. All study protocols were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and were approved by the ethics committees of Tokyo Dental College (approval #416) and Fuku...
Background
Dental implant treatments have improved in both convenience and predictability with refinements in implant bodies and treatment procedures as compared to about 50 years ago when clinical applications were started. Currently, an implant body surface is treated with “rough processing” by sandblasting and acid etching for the purposes of obtaining more reliable osseo...
Abstract
Background
A current implant body surface was treated with “rough processing” by sandblasting and acid etching for the purposes of obtaining more reliable osseointegration and shortening the treatment period. Various reports have examined the healing period with the use of these implant bodies, but a consensus opinion has not yet been obtained. The purpose of this study is to eval...