Fig. 6. Micro CT scan images of the MDIs and Ankylos® embedded in rabbit bone 6 weeks post implantation
Fig. 6. Micro CT scan images of the MDIs and Ankylos® embedded in rabbit bone 6 weeks post implantation
Fig. 5. Histological section of standard implant in rabbit tibia stained with methylene blue and basic fuchsin
Fig. 5. Histological section of standard implant in rabbit tibia stained with methylene blue and basic fuchsin
Fig. 4. Histological section of mini dental implant in rabbit tibia stained with methylene blue and basic fuchsin
Fig. 4. Histological section of mini dental implant in rabbit tibia stained with methylene blue and basic fuchsin
Fig. 3. Histological sections being obtained with Leica SP 1600 saw microtome
Fig. 3. Histological sections being obtained with Leica SP 1600 saw microtome
Fig. 2. Leica SP 1600 saw microtome
Fig. 2. Leica SP 1600 saw microtome
Fig. 1. Radiograph showing implants in the rabbit tibia
Fig. 1. Radiograph showing implants in the rabbit tibia
BIC
3M™ ESPE™ MDIs
Ankylos® Friadent (Dentsply)
Median
58.5
57
Mean
57
56.5
Interquartile range
8
5.5
First quartile
53.25
53.75
Third quartile
61.25
59.25
Table 2 Descriptive statistics of the experimental and control group
Sample
3M™ESPE™ MDIs
Ankylos®
1.
67
54
2.
59
67
3.
54
45
4.
51
58
5.
47
57
6.
64
49
7.
50
54
8.
60
56
9.
56
60
10.
61
53
11.
62
59
12.
61
55
13.
59
59
14.
45
51
15.
58
59
16.
54
62
17.
66
62
18.
56
57
Table 1 Comparison of % BIC in both groups
Dhaliwal, J.S., Albuquerque, R.F., Murshed, M. et al. Osseointegration of standard and mini dental implants: a histomorphometric comparison. Int J Implant Dent 3, 15 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-017-0079-1
Download citation
Received: 22 February 2017
Accepted: 26 April 2017
Published: 01 May 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-017-0079-1
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were m...
This article was ammended to correct discrpencies in the Abstract. An erratum has also been published for this manuscript.
An erratum to this article is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40729-017-0088-0.
Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 2001 McGill College Avenue, Suite 500, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1G1, Canada
Jagjit S. Dhaliwal, Monzur Murshed & Jocelyne S. Feine
Faculty of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
Rubens F. Albuquerque Jr
Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Monzur Murshed
You can also search...
Schwartz Z, Lohmann CH, Oefinger J, Bonewald LF, Dean DD, Boyan BD. Implant surface characteristics modulate differentiation behavior of cells in the osteoblastic lineage. Adv Dent Res. 1999;13:38–48.
Boyan BD, Lossdorfer S, Wang L, Zhao G, Lohmann CH, Cochran DL, et al. Osteoblasts generate an osteogenic microenvironment when grown on surfaces with rough microtopographies. Eur Cell Mater. 2003...
Hayakawa T, Yoshinari M, Kiba H, Yamamoto H, Nemoto K, Jansen JA. Trabecular bone response to surface roughened and calcium phosphate (Ca-P) coated titanium implants. Biomaterials. 2002;23(4):1025–31.
Sul YT, Byon ES, Jeong Y. Biomechanical measurements of calcium-incorporated oxidized implants in rabbit bone: effect of calcium surface chemistry of a novel implant. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. ...
Park JW, Kim HK, Kim YJ, An CH, Hanawa T. Enhanced osteoconductivity of micro-structured titanium implants (XiVE S CELLplus) by addition of surface calcium chemistry: a histomorphometric study in the rabbit femur. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2009;20(7):684–90.
Yang GL, He FM, Yang XF, Wang XX, Zhao SF. Bone responses to titanium implants surface-roughened by sandblasted and double etched treatments...
Buser D, Schenk RK, Steinemann S, Fiorellini JP, Fox CH, Stich H. Influence of surface characteristics on bone integration of titanium implants. A histomorphometric study in miniature pigs. J Biomed Mater Res. 1991;25(7):889–902.
Gotfredsen K, Wennerberg A, Johansson C, Skovgaard LT, Hjorting-Hansen E. Anchorage of TiO2-blasted, HA-coated, and machined implants: an experimental study with rabbi...
Trisi P, Lazzara R, Rao W, Rebaudi A. Bone-implant contact and bone quality: evaluation of expected and actual bone contact on machined and osseotite implant surfaces. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 2002;22(6):535–45.
Froum SJ, Simon H, Cho SC, Elian N, Rohrer MD, Tarnow DP. Histologic evaluation of bone-implant contact of immediately loaded transitional implants after 6 to 27 months. In...
Hong RK, Heo JM, Ha YK. Lever-arm and mini-implant system for anterior torque control during retraction in lingual orthodontic treatment. Angle Orthod. 2005;75(1):129–41.
Mazor Z, Steigmann M, Leshem R, Peleg M. Mini-implants to reconstruct missing teeth in severe ridge deficiency and small interdental space: a 5-year case series. Implant Dent. 2004;13(4):336–41.
Siddiqui AA, Sosovicka M, Go...
Branemark PI, Adell R, Breine U, Hansson BO, Lindstrom J, Ohlsson A. Intra-osseous anchorage of dental prostheses. I. Experimental studies. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg. 1969;3(2):81–100.
Boerrigter EM, Stegenga B, Raghoebar GM, Boering G. Patient satisfaction and chewing ability with implant-retained mandibular overdentures: a comparison with new complete dentures with or without preprosthetic ...
The results of this study show that MDIs as well as regular implants osseointegrate in rabbits.
Our study is also in concordance with the results of a removal torque study by Simon et al. [63] in immediately loaded “transitional endosseous implants” in humans. The percentage BIC for MDIs was similar to standard implants.
The surface topography also affects the BIC, Wennerberg et al. [32] measured and compared removal torque values on screw-shaped titanium implants with three surface typ...
The osseointegration potential of 3M™ESPE™ MDIs has not been studied. The MDI is a one-piece implant that simplifies the restorative phase resulting in a reduced cost for the patient. Titanium-aluminum-vanadium alloy (Ti 6Al-4V-ELI) is used for increased strength. The success of these implants led to its use in long-term fixed and removable dental prostheses [51]. Conventional implant treatmen...
On the whole, postoperative wound healing in all the rabbits was good. None of them exhibited any signs of wound infection or exposure. A total of 36 specimens were retrieved for histological examination.
All of the implants in both groups showed osseointegration and displayed a good amount of bone contact length (Figs. 4 and 5). No discernible differences were noticed between both the groups. T...
The saw blade has a thickness of 280 μm and a feed of 310 μm was selected to obtain the final section thickness of 30 μm. The knurled screw was used for the setting of the section thickness. The prepared section was finally removed from the saw blade. The specimens were prepared for histology by the method as described by Donath and Breuner [49].
Subsequently, the sections were stained with...
The specimens were dehydrated in the ascending graded ethanol solution and kept in a pre-filtration solution for 3 h at room temperature and then in the filtration solution at 4 °C for 17 h. The specimens were then embedded in a light curing resin Technovit 9100 NEW (Kulzer & Co., Wehrheim, Germany) polymerization system based on methyl methacrylate, specially developed for embedding mineraliz...
Expected length of the procedure was approximately 1 h. Following placement of the implants, the wound was sutured in layers. The underlying muscle, fascia, and dermal layers were sutured with the help of Vicryl (Polyglactin 910) suture with 3/8 circle reverse cutting needle. The skin was sutured to a primary closer with the same suture material.
Plain X-ray images of all the rabbit tibia were t...
A small longitudinal skin incision just distal to the tibia-femur joint was made. The tibia/femur head was exposed subperiosteally and an osteotomy performed with the delicately placed pilot drill over the entry point and lightly pumped up and down under copius saline irrigation just to enter the cortical bone for the MDIs. This was used for initial bone drilling to depth of 0.5 mm. The 3M™ESPE...
Nine clinically healthy New Zealand white rabbits weighing 3.5 kg and more were used for the study, and the animals were housed in the central animal house facility. The head of tibia/femur of the animals were used for the implantation of samples. Rabbits’ tibiae and femur have been widely used as an animal model by various other authors to study osseointegration of dental implants [36–45].
...
Despite the advantages of the mini dental implants, evidence on their efficacy and long-term success is lacking. The success of these implants will depend on their union with the surrounding bone. New implant systems entering into the market have to be studied with the help of animal models first, to demonstrate the osseointegration potential for their probable success in humans. There is a limite...
The term “osseointegration” was first introduced to explain the phenomenon for stable fixation of titanium to bone by Brånemark et al. in the 1960s [1]. Osseointegrated implants were introduced, a new era in oral rehabilitation began, and many studies were conducted [2, 3]. A success rate of over 90% has been reported [4, 5]. Further, a success rate of 81% in the maxillary bone and 91% in the...
Mini dental implants (MDIs) are becoming increasingly popular for rehabilitation of edentulous patients because of their several advantages. However, there is a lack of evidence on the osseointegration potential of the MDIs. The objective of the study was to histomorphometrically evaluate and compare bone apposition on the surface of MDIs and standard implants in a rabbit model.
Nine New Zealand ...
Fig. 6. Micro CT scan images of the MDIs and Ankylos® embedded in rabbit bone 6 weeks post implantation
Fig. 6. Micro CT scan images of the MDIs and Ankylos® embedded in rabbit bone 6 weeks post implantation
Fig. 5. Histological section of standard implant in rabbit tibia stained with methylene blue and basic fuchsin
Fig. 5. Histological section of standard implant in rabbit tibia stained with methylene blue and basic fuchsin
Fig. 4. Histological section of mini dental implant in rabbit tibia stained with methylene blue and basic fuchsin
Fig. 4. Histological section of mini dental implant in rabbit tibia stained with methylene blue and basic fuchsin
Fig. 3. Histological sections being obtained with Leica SP 1600 saw microtome
Fig. 3. Histological sections being obtained with Leica SP 1600 saw microtome
Fig. 2. Leica SP 1600 saw microtome
Fig. 2. Leica SP 1600 saw microtome
Fig. 1. Radiograph showing implants in the rabbit tibia
Fig. 1. Radiograph showing implants in the rabbit tibia
BIC
3M™ ESPE™ MDIs
Ankylos® Friadent (Dentsply)
Median
58.5
57
...
Sample
3M™ESPE™ MDIs
Ankylos®
1.
67
54
2.
...
Dhaliwal, J.S., Albuquerque, R.F., Murshed, M. et al. Osseointegration of standard and mini dental implants: a histomorphometric comparison.
Int J Implant Dent 3, 15 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-017-0079-1Download citationReceived: 22 February 2017Accepted: 26 April 2017Published: 01 May 2017DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-017-0079-1
Dhaliwal, J.S., Albuquerque, R.F., Murshed, M. et al. Osseointegration of standard and mini dental implants: a histomorphometric comparison.
Int J Implant Dent 3, 15 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-017-0079-1
Download citation
Received: 22 February 2017
Accepted: 26 April 2017
Published: 01 May 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-017-0079-1
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were...
This article was ammended to correct discrpencies in the Abstract. An erratum has also been published for this manuscript.
An erratum to this article is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40729-017-0088-0.
Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 2001 McGill College Avenue, Suite 500, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1G1, Canada
Jagjit S. Dhaliwal, Monzur Murshed & Jocelyne S. Feine
Faculty of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
Rubens F. Albuquerque Jr
Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Monzur Murshed
You can also search...
Schwartz Z, Lohmann CH, Oefinger J, Bonewald LF, Dean DD, Boyan BD. Implant surface characteristics modulate differentiation behavior of cells in the osteoblastic lineage. Adv Dent Res. 1999;13:38–48.
Boyan BD, Lossdorfer S, Wang L, Zhao G, Lohmann CH, Cochran DL, et al. Osteoblasts generate an osteogenic microenvironment when grown on surfaces with rough microtopographies. Eur Cell Mater. 2003...
Hayakawa T, Yoshinari M, Kiba H, Yamamoto H, Nemoto K, Jansen JA. Trabecular bone response to surface roughened and calcium phosphate (Ca-P) coated titanium implants. Biomaterials. 2002;23(4):1025–31.
Sul YT, Byon ES, Jeong Y. Biomechanical measurements of calcium-incorporated oxidized implants in rabbit bone: effect of calcium surface chemistry of a novel implant. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. ...
Park JW, Kim HK, Kim YJ, An CH, Hanawa T. Enhanced osteoconductivity of micro-structured titanium implants (XiVE S CELLplus) by addition of surface calcium chemistry: a histomorphometric study in the rabbit femur. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2009;20(7):684–90.
Yang GL, He FM, Yang XF, Wang XX, Zhao SF. Bone responses to titanium implants surface-roughened by sandblasted and double etched treatments...
Buser D, Schenk RK, Steinemann S, Fiorellini JP, Fox CH, Stich H. Influence of surface characteristics on bone integration of titanium implants. A histomorphometric study in miniature pigs. J Biomed Mater Res. 1991;25(7):889–902.
Gotfredsen K, Wennerberg A, Johansson C, Skovgaard LT, Hjorting-Hansen E. Anchorage of TiO2-blasted, HA-coated, and machined implants: an experimental study with rabbi...
Trisi P, Lazzara R, Rao W, Rebaudi A. Bone-implant contact and bone quality: evaluation of expected and actual bone contact on machined and osseotite implant surfaces. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 2002;22(6):535–45.
Froum SJ, Simon H, Cho SC, Elian N, Rohrer MD, Tarnow DP. Histologic evaluation of bone-implant contact of immediately loaded transitional implants after 6 to 27 months. In...
Hong RK, Heo JM, Ha YK. Lever-arm and mini-implant system for anterior torque control during retraction in lingual orthodontic treatment. Angle Orthod. 2005;75(1):129–41.
Mazor Z, Steigmann M, Leshem R, Peleg M. Mini-implants to reconstruct missing teeth in severe ridge deficiency and small interdental space: a 5-year case series. Implant Dent. 2004;13(4):336–41.
Siddiqui AA, Sosovicka M, Go...
Branemark PI, Adell R, Breine U, Hansson BO, Lindstrom J, Ohlsson A. Intra-osseous anchorage of dental prostheses. I. Experimental studies. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg. 1969;3(2):81–100.
Boerrigter EM, Stegenga B, Raghoebar GM, Boering G. Patient satisfaction and chewing ability with implant-retained mandibular overdentures: a comparison with new complete dentures with or without preprosthetic ...
The results of this study show that MDIs as well as regular implants osseointegrate in rabbits.
Our study is also in concordance with the results of a removal torque study by Simon et al. [63] in immediately loaded “transitional endosseous implants” in humans. The percentage BIC for MDIs was similar to standard implants.
The surface topography also affects the BIC, Wennerberg et al. [32] measured and compared removal torque values on screw-shaped titanium implants with three surface typ...
The osseointegration potential of 3M™ESPE™ MDIs has not been studied. The MDI is a one-piece implant that simplifies the restorative phase resulting in a reduced cost for the patient. Titanium-aluminum-vanadium alloy (Ti 6Al-4V-ELI) is used for increased strength. The success of these implants led to its use in long-term fixed and removable dental prostheses [51]. Conventional implant treatmen...
On the whole, postoperative wound healing in all the rabbits was good. None of them exhibited any signs of wound infection or exposure. A total of 36 specimens were retrieved for histological examination.
All of the implants in both groups showed osseointegration and displayed a good amount of bone contact length (Figs. 4 and 5). No discernible differences were noticed between both the groups. T...
The saw blade has a thickness of 280 μm and a feed of 310 μm was selected to obtain the final section thickness of 30 μm. The knurled screw was used for the setting of the section thickness. The prepared section was finally removed from the saw blade. The specimens were prepared for histology by the method as described by Donath and Breuner [49].
Subsequently, the sections were stained with...
The specimens were dehydrated in the ascending graded ethanol solution and kept in a pre-filtration solution for 3 h at room temperature and then in the filtration solution at 4 °C for 17 h. The specimens were then embedded in a light curing resin Technovit 9100 NEW (Kulzer & Co., Wehrheim, Germany) polymerization system based on methyl methacrylate, specially developed for embedding mineraliz...
Expected length of the procedure was approximately 1 h. Following placement of the implants, the wound was sutured in layers. The underlying muscle, fascia, and dermal layers were sutured with the help of Vicryl (Polyglactin 910) suture with 3/8 circle reverse cutting needle. The skin was sutured to a primary closer with the same suture material.
Plain X-ray images of all the rabbit tibia were t...
A small longitudinal skin incision just distal to the tibia-femur joint was made. The tibia/femur head was exposed subperiosteally and an osteotomy performed with the delicately placed pilot drill over the entry point and lightly pumped up and down under copius saline irrigation just to enter the cortical bone for the MDIs. This was used for initial bone drilling to depth of 0.5 mm. The 3M™ESPE...
Nine clinically healthy New Zealand white rabbits weighing 3.5 kg and more were used for the study, and the animals were housed in the central animal house facility. The head of tibia/femur of the animals were used for the implantation of samples. Rabbits’ tibiae and femur have been widely used as an animal model by various other authors to study osseointegration of dental implants [36–45].
...
Despite the advantages of the mini dental implants, evidence on their efficacy and long-term success is lacking. The success of these implants will depend on their union with the surrounding bone. New implant systems entering into the market have to be studied with the help of animal models first, to demonstrate the osseointegration potential for their probable success in humans. There is a limite...
The term “osseointegration” was first introduced to explain the phenomenon for stable fixation of titanium to bone by Brånemark et al. in the 1960s [1]. Osseointegrated implants were introduced, a new era in oral rehabilitation began, and many studies were conducted [2, 3]. A success rate of over 90% has been reported [4, 5]. Further, a success rate of 81% in the maxillary bone and 91% in the...
Mini dental implants (MDIs) are becoming increasingly popular for rehabilitation of edentulous patients because of their several advantages. However, there is a lack of evidence on the osseointegration potential of the MDIs. The objective of the study was to histomorphometrically evaluate and compare bone apposition on the surface of MDIs and standard implants in a rabbit model.
Nine New Zealand ...
BIC
3M™ ESPE™ MDIs
Ankylos® Friadent (Dentsply)
Median
58.5
57
Mean
57
56.5
Interquartile range
8
5.5
First quartile
53.25
53.75
Third quartile
61.25
59.25
Sample
3M™ESPE™ MDIs
Ankylos®
1.
67
54
2.
59
67
3.
54
45
4.
51
58
5.
47
57
6.
64
49
7.
50
54
8.
60
56
9.
56
60
10.
61
53
11.
62
59
12.
61
55
13.
59
59
14.
45
51
15.
58
59
16.
54
62
17.
66
62
18.
56
57
Figure 6. Micro CT scan images of the MDIs and Ankylos® embedded in rabbit bone 6 weeks post implantation
Figure 5. Histological section of standard implant in rabbit tibia stained with methylene blue and basic fuchsin
Figure 4. Histological section of mini dental implant in rabbit tibia stained with methylene blue and basic fuchsin
Figure 3. Histological sections being obtained with Leica SP 1600 saw microtome
Figure 2. Leica SP 1600 saw microtome
Figure 1. Radiograph showing implants in the rabbit tibia
Our study is also in concordance with the results of a removal torque study by Simon et al. in immediately loaded “transitional endosseous implants” in humans. The percentage BIC for MDIs was similar to standard implants.
The surface topography also affects the BIC, Wennerberg et al. measured and compared removal torque values on screw-shaped titanium implants with three surface types. ...
Discussion
The osseointegration potential of 3M™ESPE™ MDIs has not been studied. The MDI is a one-piece implant that simplifies the restorative phase resulting in a reduced cost for the patient. Titanium-aluminum-vanadium alloy (Ti 6Al-4V-ELI) is used for increased strength. The success of these implants led to its use in long-term fixed and removable dental prostheses. Conventional imp...
Results
Clinical findings
On the whole, postoperative wound healing in all the rabbits was good. None of them exhibited any signs of wound infection or exposure. A total of 36 specimens were retrieved for histological examination.
Histological observations
All of the implants in both groups showed osseointegration and displayed a good amount of bone contact length (Figs. 4 an...
The built-in water cooling device prevents overheating of the object and removes saw dust from the cutting edge and thus prolongs the lift time of the saw blade. The most favorable feed rate was determined (Fig. 3). After trimming, the first undefined slice was removed from the saw blade. The desired section thickness was selected, considering the thickness of the saw blade and added to the desire...
Sample preparation for embedding
The specimens were dehydrated in the ascending graded ethanol solution and kept in a pre-filtration solution for 3 h at room temperature and then in the filtration solution at 4 °C for 17 h. The specimens were then embedded in a light curing resin Technovit 9100 NEW (Kulzer & Co., Wehrheim, Germany) polymerization system based on methyl methacrylate, speci...
The skin was sutured to a primary closer with the same suture material.
Radiograph
Plain X-ray images of all the rabbit tibia were taken after suturing to confirm the position of implants and to detect any injury/fracture of the bone (Fig. 1).
Post surgical treatment
After the surgical procedure, the animals were housed in a cage under the supervision of a veterinary doctor until they came out...
After mobilizing the mucoperiosteal flap, the 3-mm center punch was used to register a guide for the twist drill. The twist drill was used to establish the axial alignment of the implant and to assist in the guidance of the depth drill. The depth drills were sequentially used to create osteotomy to the subcrestal axial depth of 0.5 mm. The conical reamer was used to develop the conical shape of t...
Antiseptic skin preparation was done starting at the center of the surgical site and moved to the outside of the prepared area in a circular manner. Three scrubs with 2% chlorhexidine solution and three alternating rinses with alcohol were performed. The animal was draped and fixed with clamps on a sterile, impermeable covering to isolate the disinfected area. This was performed by the gloved and ...
Methods
Animal model
Nine clinically healthy New Zealand white rabbits weighing 3.5 kg and more were used for the study, and the animals were housed in the central animal house facility. The head of tibia/femur of the animals were used for the implantation of samples. Rabbits’ tibiae and femur have been widely used as an animal model by various other authors to study osseointegration of dent...
Considerable confusion exists in the literature regarding the best method to monitor the status of a dental implant. Various methods have been used to demonstrate the osseointegration of dental implants. A common and time-tested method to evaluate biological responses to an implant is to measure the extent of bone implant contact (BIC), referred to as histomorphometry at the light microscopic leve...
Background
The term “osseointegration” was first introduced to explain the phenomenon for stable fixation of titanium to bone by Brånemark et al. in the 1960s. Osseointegrated implants were introduced, a new era in oral rehabilitation began, and many studies were conducted. A success rate of over 90% has been reported. Further, a success rate of 81% in the maxillary bone and 91% in the man...
Abstract
Background
Mini dental implants (MDIs) are becoming increasingly popular for rehabilitation of edentulous patients because of their several advantages. However, there is a lack of evidence on the osseointegration potential of the MDIs. The objective of the study was to histomorphometrically evaluate and compare bone apposition on the surface of MDIs and standard implants in a rabbit m...