Figure 3. Representative SEM images of healing abutments after electrolysis of different charges and currents for 10 V and 5 min (all images × 1000 magnification)
Figure 3. Representative SEM images of healing abutments after electrolysis of different charges and currents for 10 V and 5 min (all images × 1000 magnification)
Figure 2. Microscopical images of the healing abutments after the electrochemical treatments under different currents at constant 10 V with different electrodes. The healing abutments were stained with phloxine B after electrolysis. Images from side (a, c, e, g, i, k) and from top (b, d, f, h, j, l). a, b 1 A group I. c, d 1.5 A group I. e, f 1 A group II. g, h 1.5 A group II. i, j 1 A...
Figure 1. The amount of residual contamination after electrochemical treatments under different charges and currents at constant 10 V. Mean ± SD (n = 5). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.005
Figure 1. The amount of residual contamination after electrochemical treatments under different charges and currents at constant 10 V. Mean ± SD (n = 5). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.005
Table 3. Composition (%wt) of the surface of the healing abutment analyzed with EDS. Mean of 5 samples was presented
Groups
Charges and currents
Titanium
Carbon
Others
I
+ 0.5 A
24.77
75.23
-
− 0.5 A
35.13
64.87
-
+ 1 A
62.82
37.18
-
− 1 A
84.10
15.90
-
+ 1.5 A
63.86
36.14
-
− 1.5 A
81.71
18.29
-
II
...
Mean roughness score of 4 SEM images per electrolysis of different charges and currents
Mean all examiners
P value compared to Control
Ex 1
Ex 2
Ex 3
Control
2.00 ± 0.00
2.00 ± 0.00
2.00 ± 0.00
2.00 ± 0.00
-
− 1 A, group I
4.00 ± 0.00
3.00 ± 0.00
3.25 ± 0.50
3.42 ± 0.17
*
− 1.5 A, group I
4.00 ± 0.00
3.75 ± 0.50
4.00 ± 0.00
...
Table 1 pH after electrolysis. pH was measured after electrolysis for 5 min under different charges and current at constant 10 V. pH of original electrolyte, 7.5% NaHCO3, before electrolysis was 7.8
Charges and currents
Group I
Group II
Group III
−, 0.5 A
7.91
7.92
7.94
+, 0.5 A
7.02
7.03
7.02
−, 1 A
7.94
8.02
8.01
+, 1 A
6.6
6.2
7.72
...
Although EDS analysis was performed in three areas on each sample, the atomic percentage of carbon on the contaminated area was higher than that on the clean area and the atomic percentage of titanium was lower on the contaminated areas than on the clean area except cathodic potential 1 A and 1.5 A in group III. The possible sources of carbon conta...
According to the previous studies, complete killing of bacteria was seen at anode with low current. However, in this study, complete removal of contaminant was seen in electrolysis after cathodic potential 1 A and 1.5 A in group III. This complete removing action can be attributed to the alkaline environment generated at cathodic potential. Moreover, decrease in electro...
However, copper deposition was formed on the sample after electrolysis of anodic potential in group II. It is believed that anodic current was preferentially supplied by the electrolysis of water, which occurred on the surface of the sample because deposition attained electroconductivity. Thus, it was confirmed that copper could be incorporated into the titanium surface sample, t...
Previous studies also pointed out that low direct current can kill oral bacteria forming in biofilm. Although charging the implant surface with current can kill the bacteria, organic residues still remain adhering on the surface. Infected implants present carbon-based contaminants and considerable changes in titanium surfaces composition even after sterilization. This could be the reas...
Therefore, in this study, phloxine B staining was used to detect residual contamination on the surface of the healing abutments.
Previous studies also pointed out that low direct current can kill oral bacteria forming in biofilm. Although charging the implant surface with current can kill the bacteria, organic residues still remain adhering on the surface. Infected implants present carbon-based c...
Discussion
The current study showed that electrolysis could be an effective means to decontaminate the healing abutment surfaces with complete removal of contaminants without any surface changes at 10 V, 1 A into 5 min, cathodic potential in group III. A minimally invasive approach to remove and disinfect dental implants utilizes the fact that titanium is an electrically conducting me...
Analysis of healing abutment surface roughness after electrolysis
Representative SEM images after electrolysis of two different charges (cathodic and anodic) and two different currents (1 A and 1.5 A) are presented in Fig. 3. The SEM images showed surface modification ranging from smoothening to roughening. The surfaces were between the electrolytic healing abutments and control unused healin...
Results
Analysis of the electrolytes’ pH before and after electrolysis
As shown in Table 1, pH of electrolyte (catholyte) was not changed after electrolysis of different currents. However, the pH decreased after electrolysis of anodic potential of 1 A and 1.5 A in group I and II.
Evaluation of the amount of stained area (contamination) of the healing abutments
The perce...
Ninety healing abutments removed from patients at the Dental Implant Clinic, Dental Hospital, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, were used. As this clinical study is an in vitro experimental study, the university ethical committee decided that ethical approval was not necessary.
These healing abutments were at least for 4 weeks up to 6 weeks in patients’ oral cavities. All the healing abu...
Background
A healing abutment is a small metal cap placed on the dental implant. In dental implant treatment, a healing abutment is first placed on the implant. The top of the healing abutment is exposed in the oral cavity, while its body penetrates the soft mucosal tissue. During the implant treatment, the healing abutment is temporarily removed and replaced into several times until the prosth...
Abstract
Background
To evaluate the effects of electrolysis on cleaning the contaminated healing abutment surface and to detect the optimal condition for cleaning the contaminated healing abutment.
Methods
Ninety healing abutments removed from patients were placed in 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate solution and randomly divided for electrolysis with 7.5% sodium bicarbonate in the following three d...