Fig. 3. Enzymatic degradability of A-PRF, CGF, and PPTF membranes. Each membrane disk (φ8 mm, 1 mm thick) was immersed in PBS containing trypsin and incubated in a CO2 incubator. N = 4. The asterisks represent significant differences (P
Fig. 2. Representative stress-strain curves for A-PRF and CGF membranes and mechanical properties (Young’s modulus, strain at break, and maximum stress) of A-PRF, CGF, and PPTF membranes. N = 3–9
Fig. 2. Representative stress-strain curves for A-PRF and CGF membranes and mechanical properties (Young’s modulus, strain at break, and maximum stress) of A-PRF, CGF, and PPTF membranes. N...
Fig. 1. Surface microstructures of A-PRF, CGF, and fibrin clots prepared by PPP + CaCl2 and PPTF (fibrin clots prepared by PPP and thrombin). Similar observations were obtained from other three independent blood samples. Scale bar = 10 μm. Note: the same magnification (×9000) was used in all the SEM images shown here
Fig. 1. Surface microstructures of A-PRF, CGF, and fibrin clots p...
A-PRF
CGF
PPTF
Centrifugal conditions
198 g × 8 min
692 g × 2 mina
...
Wet weight (g)
Dry weight (g)
Water content (%)
A-PRF
1.905 ± 0.416
0.043 ± 0.014*
...
Size (W × L mm)
Stretching (times longer)
Number
A-PRF
8.6 ± 1.2 × 27.5 ± 3.5
...
Isobe, K., Watanebe, T., Kawabata, H. et al. Mechanical and degradation properties of advanced platelet-rich fibrin (A-PRF), concentrated growth factors (CGF), and platelet-poor plasma-derived fibrin (PPTF).
Int J Implant Dent 3, 17 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-017-0081-7
Download citation
Received: 29 January 2017
Accepted: 25 April 2017
Published: 02 May 2017
...
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were...
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Correspondence to
Tomoyuki Kawa...
Tokyo Plastic Dental Society, Kita-ku, Tokyo, Japan
Kazushige Isobe, Taisuke Watanebe, Hideo Kawabata, Yutaka Kitamura, Toshimitsu Okudera & Hajime Okudera
Division of Dental Implantology, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata, Japan
Kohya Uematsu
Division of Periodontology, Institute of Medicine and Dentistry, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
Kazuhiro Okuda
Bioscie...
Mosesson MW. Fibrinogen and fibrin structure and functions. J Thromb Haemost. 2005;3:1894–904.
Kawase T, Kamiya M, Kobayashi M, Tanaka T, Okuda K, Wolff LF, Yoshie H. The heat-compression technique for the conversion of platelet-rich fibrin preparation to a barrier membrane with a reduced rate of biodegradation. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2015;103:825–31.
Hartshorne J, Gluckman H. A...
Choukroun J, Diss A, Simonpieri A, Girard MO, Schoeffler C, Dohan SL, Dohan AJ, Mouhyi J, Dohan DM. Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF): a second-generation platelet concentrate. Part V: histologic evaluations of PRF effects on bone allograft maturation in sinus lift. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2006;101:299–303.
Kawase T. Platelet-rich plasma and its derivatives as promising bioac...
Acid citrate dextrose solution
Advanced platelet-rich fibrin
Concentrated growth factors
Platelet-poor plasma-derived, thrombin-activated fibrin
Platelet-rich plasma
In the mechanical parameters and degradability we tested, CGF membranes were almost identical to A-PRF membranes. In contrast, PPTF membranes were mechanically weaker and highly degradable. Therefore, we conclude that all of these fibrin membranes are tough enough to serve as barrier membranes; however, we should pay attention to their degradability and choose an appropriate membrane type dependin...
Growth factor release is a key function of these fibrin clots for tissue regeneration. Our previous study [16] demonstrated that CGF membranes compressed by the stainless steel compression device contain significantly higher levels of growth factors even after releasing approximately 85% of exudate. Repeated rinsing with PBS failed to completely remove the growth factors from CGF membranes. The ri...
In this study, we found no apparent differences between A-PRF and CGF clot microstructures, especially in fibrin fiber thickness or crosslink density. However, in PPTF clots, which were prepared through direct conversion of fibrinogen by thrombin, fibrin fiber thickness and their crosslink density were substantially thinner and higher, respectively, than those of either A-PTF or CGF clots. This fi...
The main purpose of this study was to compare A-PRF with CGF preparations to find possible differences in mechanical properties. As shown in Table 1, the sizes of A-PRF clots compressed to membranes were 8.6 ± 1.2 mm (W) × 27.5 ± 3.5 mm (L) and very similar to those of CGF clots (8.4 ± 0.8 mm × 27.6 ± 2.5 mm). As reference, PPTF membranes were also prepared by ad...
After pipetting the digestion solution, 50 μL of the digestion solution was collected every 20 min and was stored at −20 °C until protein measurement. Protein levels, which can be considered primarily as levels of digested fibrin fiber, were then determined by a BCA protein assay kit (Takara Bio, Kusatsu, Japan). The protein levels at the time point when the initial fibrin disks were comple...
The mechanical properties of gel sheets were measured at a stretching speed of 1 mm/min with a desktop universal testing machine (EZ test; Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan), of which maximum load cell capacity was 500 N under standard ambient conditions at 25 ± 3 °C and 50 ± 25% RH. The samples were gripped by clamps at each end (using slip-proof rubber sheets to prevent slippage) such that th...
Blood samples were collected from four non-smoking, healthy, male volunteers with ages ranging from 27 to 56 years. Although having lifestyle-related diseases and receiving medication, these donors had no hindrance in daily life. The study design and consent forms for all procedures performed with the study subjects were approved by the ethical committee for human subjects at Niigata University S...
In this study, we hypothesized that the mechanical properties of the fibrin membrane are closely related to its degradability. We compared these characteristics among A-PRF, CGF, and PPTF membranes through tensile and digestion tests.
Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), a self-clotted preparation of platelet-concentrated, blood-derived biomaterials, is prepared solely by contact activation of intrinsic coagulation pathways through centrifugation without addition of coagulation factors [1, 2]. Therefore, the preparation protocol is drastically simplified, and the resulting clot can be handled easily with forceps. PRF is further modified...
Fibrin clot membranes prepared from advanced platelet-rich fibrin (A-PRF) or concentrated growth factors (CGF), despite their relatively rapid biodegradability, have been used as bioactive barrier membranes for alveolar bone tissue regeneration. As the membranes degrade, it is thought that the growth factors are gradually released. However, the mechanical and degradable properties of these membran...
Fig. 3. Enzymatic degradability of A-PRF, CGF, and PPTF membranes. Each membrane disk (φ8 mm, 1 mm thick) was immersed in PBS containing trypsin and incubated in a CO2 incubator. N = 4. The asterisks represent significant differences (P
Fig. 2. Representative stress-strain curves for A-PRF and CGF membranes and mechanical properties (Young’s modulus, strain at break, and maximum stress) of A-PRF, CGF, and PPTF membranes. N = 3–9
Fig. 2. Representative stress-strain curves for A-PRF and CGF membranes and mechanical properties (Young’s modulus, strain at break, and maximum stress) of A-PRF, CGF, and PPTF membranes. N...
Fig. 1. Surface microstructures of A-PRF, CGF, and fibrin clots prepared by PPP + CaCl2 and PPTF (fibrin clots prepared by PPP and thrombin). Similar observations were obtained from other three independent blood samples. Scale bar = 10 μm. Note: the same magnification (×9000) was used in all the SEM images shown here
Fig. 1. Surface microstructures of A-PRF, CGF, and fibrin clots p...
A-PRF
CGF
PPTF
Centrifugal conditions
198 g × 8 min
692 g × 2 mina
...
Wet weight (g)
Dry weight (g)
Water content (%)
A-PRF
1.905 ± 0.416
0.043 ± 0.014*
...
Size (W × L mm)
Stretching (times longer)
Number
A-PRF
8.6 ± 1.2 × 27.5 ± 3.5
...
Isobe, K., Watanebe, T., Kawabata, H. et al. Mechanical and degradation properties of advanced platelet-rich fibrin (A-PRF), concentrated growth factors (CGF), and platelet-poor plasma-derived fibrin (PPTF).
Int J Implant Dent 3, 17 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-017-0081-7
Download citation
Received: 29 January 2017
Accepted: 25 April 2017
Published: 02 May 2017
...
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were...
You can also search for this author in
PubMed Google Scholar
You can also search for this author in
PubMed Google Scholar
You can also search for this author in
PubMed Google Scholar
You can also search for this author in
PubMed Google Scholar
Correspondence to
Tomoyuki Kawa...
Tokyo Plastic Dental Society, Kita-ku, Tokyo, Japan
Kazushige Isobe, Taisuke Watanebe, Hideo Kawabata, Yutaka Kitamura, Toshimitsu Okudera & Hajime Okudera
Division of Dental Implantology, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata, Japan
Kohya Uematsu
Division of Periodontology, Institute of Medicine and Dentistry, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
Kazuhiro Okuda
Bioscie...
Mosesson MW. Fibrinogen and fibrin structure and functions. J Thromb Haemost. 2005;3:1894–904.
Kawase T, Kamiya M, Kobayashi M, Tanaka T, Okuda K, Wolff LF, Yoshie H. The heat-compression technique for the conversion of platelet-rich fibrin preparation to a barrier membrane with a reduced rate of biodegradation. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2015;103:825–31.
Hartshorne J, Gluckman H. A...
Choukroun J, Diss A, Simonpieri A, Girard MO, Schoeffler C, Dohan SL, Dohan AJ, Mouhyi J, Dohan DM. Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF): a second-generation platelet concentrate. Part V: histologic evaluations of PRF effects on bone allograft maturation in sinus lift. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2006;101:299–303.
Kawase T. Platelet-rich plasma and its derivatives as promising bioac...
Acid citrate dextrose solution
Advanced platelet-rich fibrin
Concentrated growth factors
Platelet-poor plasma-derived, thrombin-activated fibrin
Platelet-rich plasma
In the mechanical parameters and degradability we tested, CGF membranes were almost identical to A-PRF membranes. In contrast, PPTF membranes were mechanically weaker and highly degradable. Therefore, we conclude that all of these fibrin membranes are tough enough to serve as barrier membranes; however, we should pay attention to their degradability and choose an appropriate membrane type dependin...
Growth factor release is a key function of these fibrin clots for tissue regeneration. Our previous study [16] demonstrated that CGF membranes compressed by the stainless steel compression device contain significantly higher levels of growth factors even after releasing approximately 85% of exudate. Repeated rinsing with PBS failed to completely remove the growth factors from CGF membranes. The ri...
In this study, we found no apparent differences between A-PRF and CGF clot microstructures, especially in fibrin fiber thickness or crosslink density. However, in PPTF clots, which were prepared through direct conversion of fibrinogen by thrombin, fibrin fiber thickness and their crosslink density were substantially thinner and higher, respectively, than those of either A-PTF or CGF clots. This fi...
The main purpose of this study was to compare A-PRF with CGF preparations to find possible differences in mechanical properties. As shown in Table 1, the sizes of A-PRF clots compressed to membranes were 8.6 ± 1.2 mm (W) × 27.5 ± 3.5 mm (L) and very similar to those of CGF clots (8.4 ± 0.8 mm × 27.6 ± 2.5 mm). As reference, PPTF membranes were also prepared by ad...
After pipetting the digestion solution, 50 μL of the digestion solution was collected every 20 min and was stored at −20 °C until protein measurement. Protein levels, which can be considered primarily as levels of digested fibrin fiber, were then determined by a BCA protein assay kit (Takara Bio, Kusatsu, Japan). The protein levels at the time point when the initial fibrin disks were comple...
The mechanical properties of gel sheets were measured at a stretching speed of 1 mm/min with a desktop universal testing machine (EZ test; Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan), of which maximum load cell capacity was 500 N under standard ambient conditions at 25 ± 3 °C and 50 ± 25% RH. The samples were gripped by clamps at each end (using slip-proof rubber sheets to prevent slippage) such that th...
Blood samples were collected from four non-smoking, healthy, male volunteers with ages ranging from 27 to 56 years. Although having lifestyle-related diseases and receiving medication, these donors had no hindrance in daily life. The study design and consent forms for all procedures performed with the study subjects were approved by the ethical committee for human subjects at Niigata University S...
In this study, we hypothesized that the mechanical properties of the fibrin membrane are closely related to its degradability. We compared these characteristics among A-PRF, CGF, and PPTF membranes through tensile and digestion tests.
Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), a self-clotted preparation of platelet-concentrated, blood-derived biomaterials, is prepared solely by contact activation of intrinsic coagulation pathways through centrifugation without addition of coagulation factors [1, 2]. Therefore, the preparation protocol is drastically simplified, and the resulting clot can be handled easily with forceps. PRF is further modified...
Fibrin clot membranes prepared from advanced platelet-rich fibrin (A-PRF) or concentrated growth factors (CGF), despite their relatively rapid biodegradability, have been used as bioactive barrier membranes for alveolar bone tissue regeneration. As the membranes degrade, it is thought that the growth factors are gradually released. However, the mechanical and degradable properties of these membran...