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Fig. 4. Effects of PRP, PRGF, A-PRF, and CGF on th...

Fig. 4. Effects of PRP, PRGF, A-PRF, and CGF on the proliferation of human periosteal cells. Cells were treated with PRP preparations, PRGF preparations, A-PRF extracts, or CGF extracts at the indicated doses for 48 h in 1 % FBS-containing medium. *P 

Fig. 3. Concentrations of the pro-inflammatory cyt...

Fig. 3. Concentrations of the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6) in PRP, PRGF, A-PRF, and CGF preparations (n = 20) Fig. 3. Concentrations of the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6) in PRP, PRGF, A-PRF, and CGF preparations (n = 20)

Table 1 Centrifugation conditions for preparation ...

Preparation type Models Rotor Radius (mm) Rotational speed ...

About this article : Growth factor and pro-inflamm...

Masuki, H., Okudera, T., Watanebe, T. et al. Growth factor and pro-inflammatory cytokine contents in platelet-rich plasma (PRP), plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF), advanced platelet-rich fibrin (A-PRF), and concentrated growth factors (CGF). Int J Implant Dent 2, 19 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-016-0052-4 Download citation Received: 21 June 2016 Accepted: 18 Au...

Rights and permissions : Growth factor and pro-inf...

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were...

Author information : Growth factor and pro-inflamm...

You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar Correspondence to Tomoyuki Kawase.

Author information : Growth factor and pro-inflamm...

Tokyo Plastic Dental Society, Kita-ku, Tokyo, Japan Hideo Masuki, Toshimitsu Okudera, Taisuke Watanebe, Masashi Suzuki, Kazuhiko Nishiyama & Hajime Okudera Bioscience Medical Research Center, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata, Japan Koh Nakata Department of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan Chen-Yao Su Division of Oral Bioengineering, Instit...

References : Growth factor and pro-inflammatory cy...

Kobayashi M, Kawase T, Okuda K, Wolff LF, Yoshie H. In vitro immunological and biological evaluations of the angiogenic potential of platelet-rich fibrin preparations: a standardized comparison with PRP preparations. Int J Implant Dent. 2015;1:31. Sonnenschein SK, Meyle J. Local inflammatory reactions in patients with diabetes and periodontitis. Periodontol 2000. 2015;69:221–54. Download refer...

References : Growth factor and pro-inflammatory cy...

Clipet F, Tricot S, Alno N, Massot M, Solhi H, Cathelineau G, Perez F, De Mello G, Pellen-Mussi P. In vitro effects of Choukroun’s platelet-rich fibrin conditioned medium on 3 different cell lines implicated in dental implantology. Implant Dent. 2012;21:51–6. Gassling VL, Acil Y, Springer IN, Hubert N, Wiltfang J. Platelet-rich plasma and platelet-rich fibrin in human cell culture. Oral Surg ...

References : Growth factor and pro-inflammatory cy...

Kawase T. Platelet-rich plasma and its derivatives as promising bioactive materials for regenerative medicine: basic principles and concepts underlying recent advances. Odontology. 2015;103:126–35. Anitua E. The use of plasma-rich growth factors (PRGF) in oral surgery. Pract Proced Aesthet Dent. 2001;13:487–93. Choukroun J. Advanced PRF, &i-PRF: platelet concentrates or blood concentrates? J...

Abbreviations : Growth factor and pro-inflammatory...

Acid citrate dextrose solution Analysis of variance Advanced platelet-rich fibrin A-PRF extract Concentrated growth factors CGF extract Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay Interleukin-1β Interleukin-6 Platelet-derived growth factor-BB Platelet Plasma rich in growth factors Platelet-rich plasma Red blood cell Transforming growth factor-β1 Vascular endothelial growth factor White blo...

Conclusions : Growth factor and pro-inflammatory c...

The present study clearly demonstrated that both A-PRF and CGF preparations contained significant amounts of growth factors, which makes us to believe that A-PRF and CGF preparations would not only function as a scaffolding material but also as a reservoir to deliver certain growth factors at the site of application. Accordingly, it is expected that these two preparations are more potently capable...

Discussion : Growth factor and pro-inflammatory cy...

In the previous study [12], we found that PRP and A-PRF preparations exert distinguishable actions on periosteal cell proliferation. Because both IL-1β and IL-6 are known to be produced by WBCs [23], and because WBCs are not included in PRGF preparations, we thought that the bi-phasic effects of PRP preparations may be attributed to WBCs. Furthermore, if WBCs are highly concentrated in A-PRF, it ...

Discussion : Growth factor and pro-inflammatory cy...

Although the growth factor contents in PRF and CGF preparations and their bioactivities have been demonstrated in in vitro studies by several independent groups [8–11, 13–20], many clinicians still believe that the regenerative effects of PRF/CGF are solely due to fibrin clots. We speculate that this discrepancy may be caused by two major factors. First, the initial report on PRF by Choukroun ...

Results : Growth factor and pro-inflammatory cytok...

Numbers of platelets in PRP and PRGF preparations are shown in Fig. 1 (upper panel). Platelets were significantly concentrated both in the PRP and PRGF preparations, and the concentration rate of PRP preparations was substantially higher than that of PRGF preparations (8.79-fold vs. 2.84-fold). Numbers of platelets in A-PRF and CGF preparations calculated by the indirect subtraction method are al...

Methods : Growth factor and pro-inflammatory cytok...

Because alveolar periosteum is closely contributed to periodontal skeletal tissue regeneration, we used human alveolar bone-derived periosteal cells for evaluation of efficacy of the PRP derivatives. The periosteal cells were obtained and expanded as described below. With informed consent, human periosteum tissue segments were aseptically dissected from the periodontal tissues of the healthy bucca...

Methods : Growth factor and pro-inflammatory cytok...

As described previously [7, 9], blood samples (~9.5 mL) collected without anticoagulants using vacuum plain glass tubes (A-PRF+: Jiangxi Fenglin Medical Technology Co. Ltd, Fengcheng, China) or conventional vacuum plain glass tube (Plain BD Vacutainer Tube; Becton, Dickinson and Company, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) from the same donors were immediately centrifuged by an A-PRF centrifugation system (...

Methods : Growth factor and pro-inflammatory cytok...

Based on their characteristics and fractionation, the differences among PRP and PRP derivatives are concisely described in our previous article [1]. As previously described [5, 6], blood samples (11.5 mL) were collected using syringes or vacuum blood collection tubes equipped with 18G needles from seven non-smoking, healthy, middle-aged, male volunteers (37 to 68 years old) three times with a 2...

Background : Growth factor and pro-inflammatory cy...

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was originally demonstrated to be effective in the operation of alveolar ridge augmentation and immediately spread to the fields of periodontal and oral maxillofacial surgery [1]. This clinical application was endorsed by evidence that several major growth factors are contained at high levels in PRP preparations. However, for some reasons, such as low handling efficiency...

Abstract : Growth factor and pro-inflammatory cyto...

The development of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) drastically simplified the preparation procedure of platelet-concentrated biomaterials, such as platelet-rich plasma (PRP), and facilitated their clinical application. PRF’s clinical effectiveness has often been demonstrated in pre-clinical and clinical studies; however, it is still controversial whether growth factors are significantly concentrated ...

Fig. 3. Enzymatic degradability of A-PRF, CGF, and...

Fig. 3. Enzymatic degradability of A-PRF, CGF, and PPTF membranes. Each membrane disk (φ8 mm, 1 mm thick) was immersed in PBS containing trypsin and incubated in a CO2 incubator. N = 4. The asterisks represent significant differences (P 

Fig. 2. Representative stress-strain curves for A-...

Fig. 2. Representative stress-strain curves for A-PRF and CGF membranes and mechanical properties (Young’s modulus, strain at break, and maximum stress) of A-PRF, CGF, and PPTF membranes. N = 3–9 Fig. 2. Representative stress-strain curves for A-PRF and CGF membranes and mechanical properties (Young’s modulus, strain at break, and maximum stress) of A-PRF, CGF, and PPTF membranes. N...

Fig. 1. Surface microstructures of A-PRF, CGF, and...

Fig. 1. Surface microstructures of A-PRF, CGF, and fibrin clots prepared by PPP + CaCl2 and PPTF (fibrin clots prepared by PPP and thrombin). Similar observations were obtained from other three independent blood samples. Scale bar = 10 μm. Note: the same magnification (×9000) was used in all the SEM images shown here Fig. 1. Surface microstructures of A-PRF, CGF, and fibrin clots p...

Table 3 Summaries of preparation procedures, relat...

  A-PRF CGF PPTF Centrifugal conditions 198 g × 8 min 692 g × 2 mina ...

Table 2 Comparison of water content of A-PRF, CGF,...

  Wet weight (g) Dry weight (g) Water content (%) A-PRF 1.905 ± 0.416 0.043 ± 0.014* ...

Table 1 Similarity in size and stretching property...

  Size (W × L mm) Stretching (times longer) Number A-PRF 8.6 ± 1.2 × 27.5 ± 3.5 ...

About this article : Mechanical and degradation pr...

Isobe, K., Watanebe, T., Kawabata, H. et al. Mechanical and degradation properties of advanced platelet-rich fibrin (A-PRF), concentrated growth factors (CGF), and platelet-poor plasma-derived fibrin (PPTF). Int J Implant Dent 3, 17 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-017-0081-7 Download citation Received: 29 January 2017 Accepted: 25 April 2017 Published: 02 May 2017 ...

Rights and permissions : Mechanical and degradatio...

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were...

Author information : Mechanical and degradation pr...

You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar Correspondence to Tomoyuki Kawa...

Author information : Mechanical and degradation pr...

Tokyo Plastic Dental Society, Kita-ku, Tokyo, Japan Kazushige Isobe, Taisuke Watanebe, Hideo Kawabata, Yutaka Kitamura, Toshimitsu Okudera & Hajime Okudera Division of Dental Implantology, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata, Japan Kohya Uematsu Division of Periodontology, Institute of Medicine and Dentistry, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan Kazuhiro Okuda Bioscie...

References : Mechanical and degradation properties...

Mosesson MW. Fibrinogen and fibrin structure and functions. J Thromb Haemost. 2005;3:1894–904. Kawase T, Kamiya M, Kobayashi M, Tanaka T, Okuda K, Wolff LF, Yoshie H. The heat-compression technique for the conversion of platelet-rich fibrin preparation to a barrier membrane with a reduced rate of biodegradation. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2015;103:825–31. Hartshorne J, Gluckman H. A...

References : Mechanical and degradation properties...

Choukroun J, Diss A, Simonpieri A, Girard MO, Schoeffler C, Dohan SL, Dohan AJ, Mouhyi J, Dohan DM. Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF): a second-generation platelet concentrate. Part V: histologic evaluations of PRF effects on bone allograft maturation in sinus lift. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2006;101:299–303. Kawase T. Platelet-rich plasma and its derivatives as promising bioac...

Abbreviations : Mechanical and degradation propert...

Acid citrate dextrose solution Advanced platelet-rich fibrin Concentrated growth factors Platelet-poor plasma-derived, thrombin-activated fibrin Platelet-rich plasma

Conclusions : Mechanical and degradation propertie...

In the mechanical parameters and degradability we tested, CGF membranes were almost identical to A-PRF membranes. In contrast, PPTF membranes were mechanically weaker and highly degradable. Therefore, we conclude that all of these fibrin membranes are tough enough to serve as barrier membranes; however, we should pay attention to their degradability and choose an appropriate membrane type dependin...

Discussion : Mechanical and degradation properties...

Growth factor release is a key function of these fibrin clots for tissue regeneration. Our previous study [16] demonstrated that CGF membranes compressed by the stainless steel compression device contain significantly higher levels of growth factors even after releasing approximately 85% of exudate. Repeated rinsing with PBS failed to completely remove the growth factors from CGF membranes. The ri...

Discussion : Mechanical and degradation properties...

In this study, we found no apparent differences between A-PRF and CGF clot microstructures, especially in fibrin fiber thickness or crosslink density. However, in PPTF clots, which were prepared through direct conversion of fibrinogen by thrombin, fibrin fiber thickness and their crosslink density were substantially thinner and higher, respectively, than those of either A-PTF or CGF clots. This fi...

Results : Mechanical and degradation properties of...

The main purpose of this study was to compare A-PRF with CGF preparations to find possible differences in mechanical properties. As shown in Table 1, the sizes of A-PRF clots compressed to membranes were 8.6 ± 1.2 mm (W) × 27.5 ± 3.5 mm (L) and very similar to those of CGF clots (8.4 ± 0.8 mm × 27.6 ± 2.5 mm). As reference, PPTF membranes were also prepared by ad...

Methods : Mechanical and degradation properties of...

After pipetting the digestion solution, 50 μL of the digestion solution was collected every 20 min and was stored at −20 °C until protein measurement. Protein levels, which can be considered primarily as levels of digested fibrin fiber, were then determined by a BCA protein assay kit (Takara Bio, Kusatsu, Japan). The protein levels at the time point when the initial fibrin disks were comple...

Methods : Mechanical and degradation properties of...

The mechanical properties of gel sheets were measured at a stretching speed of 1 mm/min with a desktop universal testing machine (EZ test; Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan), of which maximum load cell capacity was 500 N under standard ambient conditions at 25 ± 3 °C and 50 ± 25% RH. The samples were gripped by clamps at each end (using slip-proof rubber sheets to prevent slippage) such that th...

Methods : Mechanical and degradation properties of...

Blood samples were collected from four non-smoking, healthy, male volunteers with ages ranging from 27 to 56 years. Although having lifestyle-related diseases and receiving medication, these donors had no hindrance in daily life. The study design and consent forms for all procedures performed with the study subjects were approved by the ethical committee for human subjects at Niigata University S...

Background : Mechanical and degradation properties...

In this study, we hypothesized that the mechanical properties of the fibrin membrane are closely related to its degradability. We compared these characteristics among A-PRF, CGF, and PPTF membranes through tensile and digestion tests.

Background : Mechanical and degradation properties...

Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), a self-clotted preparation of platelet-concentrated, blood-derived biomaterials, is prepared solely by contact activation of intrinsic coagulation pathways through centrifugation without addition of coagulation factors [1, 2]. Therefore, the preparation protocol is drastically simplified, and the resulting clot can be handled easily with forceps. PRF is further modified...

Abstract : Mechanical and degradation properties o...

Fibrin clot membranes prepared from advanced platelet-rich fibrin (A-PRF) or concentrated growth factors (CGF), despite their relatively rapid biodegradability, have been used as bioactive barrier membranes for alveolar bone tissue regeneration. As the membranes degrade, it is thought that the growth factors are gradually released. However, the mechanical and degradable properties of these membran...

Fig. 3. Enzymatic degradability of A-PRF, CGF, and...

Fig. 3. Enzymatic degradability of A-PRF, CGF, and PPTF membranes. Each membrane disk (φ8 mm, 1 mm thick) was immersed in PBS containing trypsin and incubated in a CO2 incubator. N = 4. The asterisks represent significant differences (P 

Fig. 2. Representative stress-strain curves for A-...

Fig. 2. Representative stress-strain curves for A-PRF and CGF membranes and mechanical properties (Young’s modulus, strain at break, and maximum stress) of A-PRF, CGF, and PPTF membranes. N = 3–9 Fig. 2. Representative stress-strain curves for A-PRF and CGF membranes and mechanical properties (Young’s modulus, strain at break, and maximum stress) of A-PRF, CGF, and PPTF membranes. N...

Fig. 1. Surface microstructures of A-PRF, CGF, and...

Fig. 1. Surface microstructures of A-PRF, CGF, and fibrin clots prepared by PPP + CaCl2 and PPTF (fibrin clots prepared by PPP and thrombin). Similar observations were obtained from other three independent blood samples. Scale bar = 10 μm. Note: the same magnification (×9000) was used in all the SEM images shown here Fig. 1. Surface microstructures of A-PRF, CGF, and fibrin clots p...

Table 3 Summaries of preparation procedures, relat...

  A-PRF CGF PPTF Centrifugal conditions 198 g × 8 min 692 g × 2 mina ...

Table 2 Comparison of water content of A-PRF, CGF,...

  Wet weight (g) Dry weight (g) Water content (%) A-PRF 1.905 ± 0.416 0.043 ± 0.014* ...

Table 1 Similarity in size and stretching property...

  Size (W × L mm) Stretching (times longer) Number A-PRF 8.6 ± 1.2 × 27.5 ± 3.5 ...

About this article : Mechanical and degradation pr...

Isobe, K., Watanebe, T., Kawabata, H. et al. Mechanical and degradation properties of advanced platelet-rich fibrin (A-PRF), concentrated growth factors (CGF), and platelet-poor plasma-derived fibrin (PPTF). Int J Implant Dent 3, 17 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-017-0081-7 Download citation Received: 29 January 2017 Accepted: 25 April 2017 Published: 02 May 2017 ...

Rights and permissions : Mechanical and degradatio...

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were...

Author information : Mechanical and degradation pr...

You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar Correspondence to Tomoyuki Kawa...

Author information : Mechanical and degradation pr...

Tokyo Plastic Dental Society, Kita-ku, Tokyo, Japan Kazushige Isobe, Taisuke Watanebe, Hideo Kawabata, Yutaka Kitamura, Toshimitsu Okudera & Hajime Okudera Division of Dental Implantology, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata, Japan Kohya Uematsu Division of Periodontology, Institute of Medicine and Dentistry, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan Kazuhiro Okuda Bioscie...

References : Mechanical and degradation properties...

Mosesson MW. Fibrinogen and fibrin structure and functions. J Thromb Haemost. 2005;3:1894–904. Kawase T, Kamiya M, Kobayashi M, Tanaka T, Okuda K, Wolff LF, Yoshie H. The heat-compression technique for the conversion of platelet-rich fibrin preparation to a barrier membrane with a reduced rate of biodegradation. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2015;103:825–31. Hartshorne J, Gluckman H. A...

References : Mechanical and degradation properties...

Choukroun J, Diss A, Simonpieri A, Girard MO, Schoeffler C, Dohan SL, Dohan AJ, Mouhyi J, Dohan DM. Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF): a second-generation platelet concentrate. Part V: histologic evaluations of PRF effects on bone allograft maturation in sinus lift. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2006;101:299–303. Kawase T. Platelet-rich plasma and its derivatives as promising bioac...

Abbreviations : Mechanical and degradation propert...

Acid citrate dextrose solution Advanced platelet-rich fibrin Concentrated growth factors Platelet-poor plasma-derived, thrombin-activated fibrin Platelet-rich plasma

Conclusions : Mechanical and degradation propertie...

In the mechanical parameters and degradability we tested, CGF membranes were almost identical to A-PRF membranes. In contrast, PPTF membranes were mechanically weaker and highly degradable. Therefore, we conclude that all of these fibrin membranes are tough enough to serve as barrier membranes; however, we should pay attention to their degradability and choose an appropriate membrane type dependin...

Discussion : Mechanical and degradation properties...

Growth factor release is a key function of these fibrin clots for tissue regeneration. Our previous study [16] demonstrated that CGF membranes compressed by the stainless steel compression device contain significantly higher levels of growth factors even after releasing approximately 85% of exudate. Repeated rinsing with PBS failed to completely remove the growth factors from CGF membranes. The ri...

Discussion : Mechanical and degradation properties...

In this study, we found no apparent differences between A-PRF and CGF clot microstructures, especially in fibrin fiber thickness or crosslink density. However, in PPTF clots, which were prepared through direct conversion of fibrinogen by thrombin, fibrin fiber thickness and their crosslink density were substantially thinner and higher, respectively, than those of either A-PTF or CGF clots. This fi...

Results : Mechanical and degradation properties of...

The main purpose of this study was to compare A-PRF with CGF preparations to find possible differences in mechanical properties. As shown in Table 1, the sizes of A-PRF clots compressed to membranes were 8.6 ± 1.2 mm (W) × 27.5 ± 3.5 mm (L) and very similar to those of CGF clots (8.4 ± 0.8 mm × 27.6 ± 2.5 mm). As reference, PPTF membranes were also prepared by ad...

Methods : Mechanical and degradation properties of...

After pipetting the digestion solution, 50 μL of the digestion solution was collected every 20 min and was stored at −20 °C until protein measurement. Protein levels, which can be considered primarily as levels of digested fibrin fiber, were then determined by a BCA protein assay kit (Takara Bio, Kusatsu, Japan). The protein levels at the time point when the initial fibrin disks were comple...

Methods : Mechanical and degradation properties of...

The mechanical properties of gel sheets were measured at a stretching speed of 1 mm/min with a desktop universal testing machine (EZ test; Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan), of which maximum load cell capacity was 500 N under standard ambient conditions at 25 ± 3 °C and 50 ± 25% RH. The samples were gripped by clamps at each end (using slip-proof rubber sheets to prevent slippage) such that th...

Methods : Mechanical and degradation properties of...

Blood samples were collected from four non-smoking, healthy, male volunteers with ages ranging from 27 to 56 years. Although having lifestyle-related diseases and receiving medication, these donors had no hindrance in daily life. The study design and consent forms for all procedures performed with the study subjects were approved by the ethical committee for human subjects at Niigata University S...

Background : Mechanical and degradation properties...

In this study, we hypothesized that the mechanical properties of the fibrin membrane are closely related to its degradability. We compared these characteristics among A-PRF, CGF, and PPTF membranes through tensile and digestion tests.

Background : Mechanical and degradation properties...

Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), a self-clotted preparation of platelet-concentrated, blood-derived biomaterials, is prepared solely by contact activation of intrinsic coagulation pathways through centrifugation without addition of coagulation factors [1, 2]. Therefore, the preparation protocol is drastically simplified, and the resulting clot can be handled easily with forceps. PRF is further modified...

Abstract : Mechanical and degradation properties o...

Fibrin clot membranes prepared from advanced platelet-rich fibrin (A-PRF) or concentrated growth factors (CGF), despite their relatively rapid biodegradability, have been used as bioactive barrier membranes for alveolar bone tissue regeneration. As the membranes degrade, it is thought that the growth factors are gradually released. However, the mechanical and degradable properties of these membran...