Fig. 7. The box plot shows the distribution of age between the sex groups
Fig. 7. The box plot shows the distribution of age between the sex groups
Fig. 6. Pie chart shows the distribution of loaded implants prosthetic restorations
Fig. 6. Pie chart shows the distribution of loaded implants prosthetic restorations
Fig. 5. Pie charts shows the distribution of the demographic datas of the patients
Fig. 5. Pie charts shows the distribution of the demographic datas of the patients
Fig. 4. The crown-implant ratio measurement showing a the length of the crown (red line) and b the length of the implant (red line)
Fig. 4. The crown-implant ratio measurement showing a the length of the crown (red line) and b the length of the implant (red line)
Fig. 3. Fractal analysis stages. a Selected region of interest (ROI). b Cropped and duplicated version of ROI. c Addition of Gaussian filter. d Subtraction. e Addition of 128 pixels. f Binarized version. g Eroded version. h Dilated version. i Inverted version j Skeletonization
Fig. 3. Fractal analysis stages. a Selected region of interest (ROI). b Cropped and duplicated version of ROI. c Addi...
Fig. 2. Region of interests (ROIs) were selected arbitrarily in a preoperative radiographic image and b a follow-up radiographic image
Fig. 2. Region of interests (ROIs) were selected arbitrarily in a preoperative radiographic image and b a follow-up radiographic image
Fig. 1. Fractal dimension values measured from the same area of interest on each panoramic radiograph over five different time intervals are shown in the figure. FD0, fractal dimension 0 (preoperative); FD1, fractal dimension 1 (0–1 months of follow-up); FD2, fractal dimension 2 (1–3 months of follow-up); FD3, fractal dimension 3 (6–12 months of follow-up); FD4, fractal dimension 4 ...
nMeanStandard deviationMinimumMaximumFD01301.2430.1520.7501.560FD11301.1130.2240.4051.510FD21301.1160.1960.4101.510FD3671.0920.2160.4301.500FD4671.0810.2470.4301.500Table 2 Mean fractal dimension (FD) values before and after implant insertion
Failure (n)Success (n)P valuePowerEffect sizeSexWomen3870.0240.680.21Men634FD190.82 ± 0.28 (mean)0.45 (min)–1.26 (max)1211.13 ± 0.25 (mean)0.41 (min)–1.51 (max)< 0.0010.991.45FD290.97 ± 0.24 (mean)0.61 (min)–1.36 (max)1211.13 ± 0.19 (mean)0.41 (min)–1.51 (max)0.0230.990.79Crown-implant Ratio26.51 ± 3.89 (mean)3.77 (min)–9.27 (max)654.61 ± 1.58 (mean)2.57 min)–10.67 (max)0.101...
Kış, H.C., Güleryüz Gürbulak, A. Evaluation of the peri-implant bone trabecular microstructure changes in short implants with fractal analysis. Int J Implant Dent 6, 13 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-020-00209-7
Download citation
Received: 12 September 2019
Accepted: 12 March 2020
Published: 01 April 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-020-00209-7
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material...
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Hatice Cansu Kış and Ayşegül Güleryüz Gür...
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Nuh Naci Yazgan University, Kayseri, Turkey
Hatice Cansu Kış
Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
Ayşegül Güleryüz Gürbulak
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
AGG collecte...
The work was supported by the Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Radiology, Nuh Naci Yazgan University in Kayseri, Turkey.
We would like to thank Editage (www.editage.com) for English language editing.
Mu T-J, Lee D-W, Park K-H, Moon I-S. Changes in the fractal dimension of peri-implant trabecular bone after loading: a retrospective study. Journal of periodontal & implant science. 2013;43(5):209–14.
Zeytinoğlu M, İlhan B, Dündar N, Boyacioğlu H. Fractal analysis for the assessment of trabecular peri-implant alveolar bone using panoramic radiographs. Clinical oral investigations. 2015;19(2...
Mandelbrot BB. The fractal geometry of nature: WH freeman New York; 1983.
Sánchez I, Uzcátegui G. Fractals in dentistry. Journal of dentistry. 2011;39(4):273–92.
Boutroy S, Bouxsein ML, Munoz F, Delmas PD. In vivo assessment of trabecular bone microarchitecture by high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2005;90(12):6508...
Dental panoramic radiographs
Fractal dimension 0 (preoperative)
Fractal dimension 1 (0–1 months of follow-up)
Fractal dimension 2 (1–3 months of follow-up)
Fractal dimension 3 (6–12 months of follow-up)
Fractal dimension 4 (12 + months of follow-up)
Cone beam computed tomography
Region of interest
Fractal analysis is a useful method to measure the trabecular microstructure of bone in nonstandardized dental radiographs. The present study has a low power to reject the null hypothesis because of the low number of cases of failed implants. Therefore, further studies with a large sample size are warranted. Assessing a series of studies can provide certain cut-off values; this can enable to routi...
Fractal analysis of bone microstructure on dental radiographs may be useful for diagnostic applications; however, the histological microstructures of the bone cannot be visualized by any clinical imaging modality. Corpas et al. [12] stated that minor changes in bone occurring over a short-term period can be followed up with digital intraoral radiography; however, the results of radiographic fracta...
This study aimed to evaluate the microstructural changes in the peri-implant bone in patients with short implants in terms of the implant survival status by using fractal analysis measurements.
In this study, a significant difference was found in the FD1 and FD2 values between the implant survival groups, and the mean FD1 and FD2 values of the success group were significantly higher than those of...
Descriptive statistics were performed. The data were not normally distributed (p < 0.05). The intra-observer correlation coefficients of repeated measurements were 0.927, 0.889, 0.913, 0.988, 0.961, and 0.936 for FD0 (fractal dimension), FD1, FD2, FD3, FD4, and crown-implant ratio, respectively. Descriptive data are shown in Figs. 5, 6, and 7. A significant difference was found for sex between the...
The crown-implant ratio was measured using the ImageJ version 1.38 software measuring tool in conjunction with a magnification tool. Each implant was measured from its bottom to the crown base and then from the crown base to its highest point (Fig. 4).
All measurements were performed by a dento-maxillofacial radiologist who was blinded to patient information. To evaluate the intra-observer correl...
This retrospective study was conducted in the dental clinic of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology department and was approved by the local ethics committee (2013/203). The participants had approached the Prosthodontics Clinic between 2012 and 2019 for partial or complete tooth complaints. Among the data of 116 patients reviewed, panoramic radiographs of 67 patients were examined and included in this...
The quality of bone tissue at the site of implantation can be determined preoperatively with high accuracy, and changes in the trabecular structure, which is vital for the primary and secondary stability of the implant, can be observed during the follow-up after implantation.
Previous studies have evaluated fractal analysis of peri-implant bone before and after loading. However, no study has exam...
Mandelbrot introduced fractals to describe his observation of shapes in nature, such as curves, surfaces, disconnected “dust,” and odd shapes. The word fractal originates from the Latin word “fractus,” which means broken. By using fractal mathematics, several studies have analyzed various fractal patterns in the human body. Fractal analysis is a mathematical method of describing complex sh...
This study aimed to evaluate the microstructural changes in the peri-implant bone in patients with short implants in terms of implant survival status by using fractal analysis measurements.
Dental panoramic radiographs (DPRs) of 67 patients were examined and included in this study. Fractal analysis and measurement of the crown-implant ratio were performed with ImageJ. The fractal analysis measure...
Fig. 7. The box plot shows the distribution of age between the sex groups
Fig. 7. The box plot shows the distribution of age between the sex groups
Fig. 6. Pie chart shows the distribution of loaded implants prosthetic restorations
Fig. 6. Pie chart shows the distribution of loaded implants prosthetic restorations
Fig. 5. Pie charts shows the distribution of the demographic datas of the patients
Fig. 5. Pie charts shows the distribution of the demographic datas of the patients
Fig. 4. The crown-implant ratio measurement showing a the length of the crown (red line) and b the length of the implant (red line)
Fig. 4. The crown-implant ratio measurement showing a the length of the crown (red line) and b the length of the implant (red line)
Fig. 3. Fractal analysis stages. a Selected region of interest (ROI). b Cropped and duplicated version of ROI. c Addition of Gaussian filter. d Subtraction. e Addition of 128 pixels. f Binarized version. g Eroded version. h Dilated version. i Inverted version j Skeletonization
Fig. 3. Fractal analysis stages. a Selected region of interest (ROI). b Cropped and duplicated version of ROI. c Addi...
Fig. 2. Region of interests (ROIs) were selected arbitrarily in a preoperative radiographic image and b a follow-up radiographic image
Fig. 2. Region of interests (ROIs) were selected arbitrarily in a preoperative radiographic image and b a follow-up radiographic image
Fig. 1. Fractal dimension values measured from the same area of interest on each panoramic radiograph over five different time intervals are shown in the figure. FD0, fractal dimension 0 (preoperative); FD1, fractal dimension 1 (0–1 months of follow-up); FD2, fractal dimension 2 (1–3 months of follow-up); FD3, fractal dimension 3 (6–12 months of follow-up); FD4, fractal dimension 4 ...
n
Mean
Standard deviation
Minimum
Maximum
FD0
130
1.243
0.152
0.750
1.560
FD1
130
1.113
0.224
0.405
1.510
FD2
130
1.116
0.196
0.410
1.510
FD3
67
1.092
0.216
0.430
1.500
FD4
67
1.081
0.247
0.430
1.500
Table 2 Mean fractal dimension (FD) values before and after implant insertion
Failure (n)Success (n)P valuePowerEffect sizeSexWomen3870.0240.680.21Men634FD190.82 ± 0.28 (mean)0.45 (min)–1.26 (max)1211.13 ± 0.25 (mean)0.41 (min)–1.51 (max)< 0.0010.991.45FD290.97 ± 0.24 (mean)0.61 (min)–1.36 (max)1211.13 ± 0.19 (mean)0.41 (min)–1.51 (max)0.0230.990.79Crown-implant Ratio26.51 ± 3.89 (mean)3.77 (min)–9.27 (max)654.61 ± 1.58 (mean)2.57 min)–10.67 (max)0.101...
Kış, H.C., Güleryüz Gürbulak, A. Evaluation of the peri-implant bone trabecular microstructure changes in short implants with fractal analysis. Int J Implant Dent 6, 13 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-020-00209-7
Download citation
Received: 12 September 2019
Accepted: 12 March 2020
Published: 01 April 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-020-00209-7
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material...
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Hatice Cansu Kış and Ayşegül Güleryüz Gür...
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Nuh Naci Yazgan University, Kayseri, Turkey
Hatice Cansu Kış
Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
Ayşegül Güleryüz Gürbulak
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
AGG collecte...
The work was supported by the Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Radiology, Nuh Naci Yazgan University in Kayseri, Turkey.
We would like to thank Editage (www.editage.com) for English language editing.
Mu T-J, Lee D-W, Park K-H, Moon I-S. Changes in the fractal dimension of peri-implant trabecular bone after loading: a retrospective study. Journal of periodontal & implant science. 2013;43(5):209–14.
Zeytinoğlu M, İlhan B, Dündar N, Boyacioğlu H. Fractal analysis for the assessment of trabecular peri-implant alveolar bone using panoramic radiographs. Clinical oral investigations. 2015;19(2...
Mandelbrot BB. The fractal geometry of nature: WH freeman New York; 1983.
Sánchez I, Uzcátegui G. Fractals in dentistry. Journal of dentistry. 2011;39(4):273–92.
Boutroy S, Bouxsein ML, Munoz F, Delmas PD. In vivo assessment of trabecular bone microarchitecture by high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2005;90(12):6508...
Dental panoramic radiographs
Fractal dimension 0 (preoperative)
Fractal dimension 1 (0–1 months of follow-up)
Fractal dimension 2 (1–3 months of follow-up)
Fractal dimension 3 (6–12 months of follow-up)
Fractal dimension 4 (12 + months of follow-up)
Cone beam computed tomography
Region of interest
Fractal analysis is a useful method to measure the trabecular microstructure of bone in nonstandardized dental radiographs. The present study has a low power to reject the null hypothesis because of the low number of cases of failed implants. Therefore, further studies with a large sample size are warranted. Assessing a series of studies can provide certain cut-off values; this can enable to routi...
Fractal analysis of bone microstructure on dental radiographs may be useful for diagnostic applications; however, the histological microstructures of the bone cannot be visualized by any clinical imaging modality. Corpas et al. [12] stated that minor changes in bone occurring over a short-term period can be followed up with digital intraoral radiography; however, the results of radiographic fracta...
This study aimed to evaluate the microstructural changes in the peri-implant bone in patients with short implants in terms of the implant survival status by using fractal analysis measurements.
In this study, a significant difference was found in the FD1 and FD2 values between the implant survival groups, and the mean FD1 and FD2 values of the success group were significantly higher than those of...
Descriptive statistics were performed. The data were not normally distributed (p < 0.05). The intra-observer correlation coefficients of repeated measurements were 0.927, 0.889, 0.913, 0.988, 0.961, and 0.936 for FD0 (fractal dimension), FD1, FD2, FD3, FD4, and crown-implant ratio, respectively. Descriptive data are shown in Figs. 5, 6, and 7. A significant difference was found for sex between the...
The crown-implant ratio was measured using the ImageJ version 1.38 software measuring tool in conjunction with a magnification tool. Each implant was measured from its bottom to the crown base and then from the crown base to its highest point (Fig. 4).
All measurements were performed by a dento-maxillofacial radiologist who was blinded to patient information. To evaluate the intra-observer correl...
This retrospective study was conducted in the dental clinic of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology department and was approved by the local ethics committee (2013/203). The participants had approached the Prosthodontics Clinic between 2012 and 2019 for partial or complete tooth complaints. Among the data of 116 patients reviewed, panoramic radiographs of 67 patients were examined and included in this...
The quality of bone tissue at the site of implantation can be determined preoperatively with high accuracy, and changes in the trabecular structure, which is vital for the primary and secondary stability of the implant, can be observed during the follow-up after implantation.
Previous studies have evaluated fractal analysis of peri-implant bone before and after loading. However, no study has exam...
Mandelbrot introduced fractals to describe his observation of shapes in nature, such as curves, surfaces, disconnected “dust,” and odd shapes. The word fractal originates from the Latin word “fractus,” which means broken. By using fractal mathematics, several studies have analyzed various fractal patterns in the human body. Fractal analysis is a mathematical method of describing complex sh...
This study aimed to evaluate the microstructural changes in the peri-implant bone in patients with short implants in terms of implant survival status by using fractal analysis measurements.
Dental panoramic radiographs (DPRs) of 67 patients were examined and included in this study. Fractal analysis and measurement of the crown-implant ratio were performed with ImageJ. The fractal analysis measure...
Figure 48. Dimensional ridge alterations: 4 weeks
At 4 weeks after tooth extraction, the socket is filled with woven bone. Osteoclasts are present on the outer surfaces at the margin of the buccal and lingual walls, signaling resorption of cortical plates. The resorption of the bundle bone is almost complete. Osteoclasts also line the trabeculae of woven bone present in the central and latera...
Figure 29. Day 180 : large marrow spaces
After 180 days of healing, beneath the marginal cortical bone at the entrance of the socket as denoted by the arrow, most of the socket is filled with trabecular bone that includes large marrow spaces. The bone is characterized by a limited number of trabeculae of lamellar bone. The bone marrow contains large numbers of adipocytes but only a few inflam...
Figure 28. Day 120 : cortical bone & trabecular bone
At 120 days of healing, the entrance of the socket, denoted with an arrow, has become reinforced by layers of cortical bone that are deposited over the previously formed woven bone.
Figure 15. Trabecular bone
The trabecular bone is located between the alveolar bone proper and the cortical bone plates. Trabecular bone, also known as cancellous bone, consists of bony trabeculae and marrow spaces. In adult patients the marrow spaces are rich in adipocytes and mesenchymal cells. Mesenchymal cells have bone-forming potential and may be induced to form bone, but they also supp...