Fig. 2. Figure illustrating the proposed mucosal thickening index. A ≤1 mm, indicating no thickening; B >1 mm but ≤2 mm, indicating minimal thickening; C >2 mm but ≤5 mm, indicating moderate thickening; D >5 mm, indicating severe thickening
Fig. 2. Figure illustrating the proposed mucosal thickening index. A ≤1 mm, indicating no thickening; B >1 mm but ≤2 mm, indicating min...
Fig. 1. Figure illustrating the reference points of the CBCT measurements. A: most posterior point of the sinus wall; B: most anterior point of the sinus wall; C: mid-point between A and B; C1: measurement of mucosal thickening perpendicular to A–B line at point C; D: mid-point between A and C; D1: measurement of mucosal thickening perpendicular to A–B line at point D; E: mid-point between B...
Gender
Respiratory diseases
Cardio-vascular diseases
Diabetes mellitus
Smoking
Hist...
Patient
Anterior
(E1-floor of the sinus)
Middle
(C1-floor of the sinus)
Posterior
(D1-floor of the sinus)
...
Maska, B., Lin, GH., Othman, A. et al. Dental implants and grafting success remain high despite large variations in maxillary sinus mucosal thickening.
Int J Implant Dent 3, 1 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-017-0064-8
Download citation
Received: 18 October 2016
Accepted: 13 January 2017
Published: 18 January 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-017-0064-8
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were...
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Correspondence to
Yvonne Kapila.
Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, 1011 N University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Bartosz Maska, Guo-Hao Lin, Abdullah Othman, Shabnam Behdin, Suncica Travan, Erika Benavides & Yvonne Kapila
Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Dentistry, Marquette University, 1801 W Wisconsin Ave, Milwaukee, WI, USA
Guo-Hao Lin
Department of Peri...
The authors thank Ms. Victoria Zakrzewski for her help with the figure generation and preparation.
Co-primary author BM contributed to the CBCT measurement and preparation of the manuscript. Co-primary author G-HL contributed to the data analysis and preparation of the manuscript. Second author AO contributed to the protocol preparation, case review, case selection, and preparation of the manuscr...
Romanos GE, Froum S, Costa-Martins S, Meitner S, Tarnow DP. Implant periapical lesions: etiology and treatment options. J Oral Implantol. 2011;37:53–63.
Acharya A, Hao J, Mattheos N, Chau A, Shirke P, Lang NP. Residual ridge dimensions at edentulous maxillary first molar sites and periodontal bone loss among two ethnic cohorts seeking tooth replacement. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2014;25:1386–94...
Pazera P, Bornstein MM, Pazera A, Sendi P, Katsaros C. Incidental maxillary sinus findings in orthodontic patients: a radiographic analysis using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Orthod Craniofac Res. 2011;14:17–24.
Ritter L, Lutz J, Neugebauer J, et al. Prevalence of pathologic findings in the maxillary sinus in cone-beam computerized tomography. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol...
Gardner DG. Pseudocysts and retention cysts of the maxillary sinus. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1984;58:561–7.
Chiapasco M, Palombo D. Sinus grafting and simultaneous removal of large antral pseudocysts of the maxillary sinus with a micro-invasive intraoral access. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;44:1499–505.
Cano J, Campo J, Alobera MA, Baca R. Surgical ciliated cyst of the maxilla. Cl...
Beretta M, Poli PP, Grossi GB, Pieroni S, Maiorana C. Long-term survival rate of implants placed in conjunction with 246 sinus floor elevation procedures: results of a 15-year retrospective study. J Dent. 2015;43:78–86.
Del Fabbro M, Corbella S, Weinstein T, Ceresoli V, Taschieri S. Implant survival rates after osteotome-mediated maxillary sinus augmentation: a systematic review. Clin Implant D...
Cone-beam computed tomographic
Protected Health Information
Sinus floor elevation
Our study found that the largest tissue thickening was present in the middle section of the maxillary sinus. This tissue thickening did not vary based on gender, age, or smoking status, nor did it relate to the underlying alveolar ridge height. However, patients with a history of periodontal diseases demonstrated a significant association with mucosal thickening. A mucosal thickening index was pro...
Although residual alveolar ridge height has been associated with sinus mucosal thickening [36], our study did not find a significant association between these two parameters. Acharya et al. [36] reported that lower available bone height in the subsinus region was related to thickened sinus membranes within an Asian-Indian and Hong Kong-based Chinese population. Differences in the ethnic compositio...
Based on the findings of the current study, a history of periodontal disease is the only identified parameter significantly associated with sinus mucosal thickening. This finding indicates that clinicians should expect some degree of mucosal thickening when performing sinus augmentation procedures in a previously periodontally involved site. This finding is consistent with several previously publi...
CBCT imaging has been recognized as a more sensitive imaging modality for identifying sinus thickening and pathoses in the posterior maxilla compared to panoramic radiography [21, 22]. This could explain why the current study identified a higher prevalence of mucosal thickening compared to earlier studies [23]. However, compared to other similar CBCT studies [21, 24, 25], the prevalence reported i...
Twenty-nine CBCT images (11 females and 18 males) were included in this study. All the implants placed in these included cases survived, representing a 100% implant survival rate. With regards to measurements of mucosal thickening, the intra-examiner reproducibility revealed an exact intra-examiner correlation of 99%, with a p value of 0.40 for a t test for independent samples, indicating a high r...
The sites that were measured are specified in the image below (Fig. 1). The most posterior and anterior aspects of the visible maxillary sinus were measured. The ½ point along with the ¼ and ¾ points were then selected, and the measurements of the mucosal thickening were then completed at these three sites. The thickest portion of the mucosa was also measured if it did not coincide with one of...
The study required access to University of Michigan Protected Health Information (PHI). PHI was necessary in order to track and coordinate the CBCT data and dental and medical history for each subject. Corresponding subject charts and electronic records were reviewed for retrieval of relevant implant placement and restorative history, medical history, and demographic information, including gender ...
Our study hypothesis was that mucosal thickening of more than 2 mm and up to 1/3 of the volume of the sinus would not alter the predictability for SFE and dental implant placement. The primary outcome was to determine the success rate of dental implant placement in augmented maxillary sinus areas with mucosal thickening. A secondary outcome was to evaluate the effect of gender, age, and smoking o...
Despite the high survival rate of dental implants inserted in maxillary sinuses that have undergone sinus floor elevation (SFE) with bone grafting, complications still occur [1–3]. Sinus membrane perforation is reported to be the most common complication [4, 5]. Postoperative maxillary sinusitis is less common (0–22%) [6, 7]; nevertheless, it could potentially compromise the outcome of SFE and...
Although mucosal thickening is the most common radiographic finding observed regarding sinus pathology, the knowledge regarding its clinical significance on the outcomes of dental implants and grafting in the maxillary sinuses is still limited. We hypothesized that mucosal thickening would not alter the predictability for sinus floor augmentation and dental implant placement. The purpose of this r...
Fig. 2. Figure illustrating the proposed mucosal thickening index. A ≤1 mm, indicating no thickening; B >1 mm but ≤2 mm, indicating minimal thickening; C >2 mm but ≤5 mm, indicating moderate thickening; D >5 mm, indicating severe thickening
Fig. 2. Figure illustrating the proposed mucosal thickening index. A ≤1 mm, indicating no thickening; B >1 mm but ≤2 mm, indicating min...
Fig. 1. Figure illustrating the reference points of the CBCT measurements. A: most posterior point of the sinus wall; B: most anterior point of the sinus wall; C: mid-point between A and B; C1: measurement of mucosal thickening perpendicular to A–B line at point C; D: mid-point between A and C; D1: measurement of mucosal thickening perpendicular to A–B line at point D; E: mid-point between B...
Gender
Respiratory diseases
Cardio-vascular diseases
Diabetes mellitus
Smoking
Hist...
Patient
Anterior
(E1-floor of the sinus)
Middle
(C1-floor of the sinus)
Posterior
(D1-floor of the sinus)
...
Maska, B., Lin, GH., Othman, A. et al. Dental implants and grafting success remain high despite large variations in maxillary sinus mucosal thickening.
Int J Implant Dent 3, 1 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-017-0064-8
Download citation
Received: 18 October 2016
Accepted: 13 January 2017
Published: 18 January 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-017-0064-8
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were...
You can also search for this author in
PubMed Google Scholar
Correspondence to
Yvonne Kapila.
Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, 1011 N University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Bartosz Maska, Guo-Hao Lin, Abdullah Othman, Shabnam Behdin, Suncica Travan, Erika Benavides & Yvonne Kapila
Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Dentistry, Marquette University, 1801 W Wisconsin Ave, Milwaukee, WI, USA
Guo-Hao Lin
Department of Peri...
The authors thank Ms. Victoria Zakrzewski for her help with the figure generation and preparation.
Co-primary author BM contributed to the CBCT measurement and preparation of the manuscript. Co-primary author G-HL contributed to the data analysis and preparation of the manuscript. Second author AO contributed to the protocol preparation, case review, case selection, and preparation of the manuscr...
Romanos GE, Froum S, Costa-Martins S, Meitner S, Tarnow DP. Implant periapical lesions: etiology and treatment options. J Oral Implantol. 2011;37:53–63.
Acharya A, Hao J, Mattheos N, Chau A, Shirke P, Lang NP. Residual ridge dimensions at edentulous maxillary first molar sites and periodontal bone loss among two ethnic cohorts seeking tooth replacement. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2014;25:1386–94...
Pazera P, Bornstein MM, Pazera A, Sendi P, Katsaros C. Incidental maxillary sinus findings in orthodontic patients: a radiographic analysis using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Orthod Craniofac Res. 2011;14:17–24.
Ritter L, Lutz J, Neugebauer J, et al. Prevalence of pathologic findings in the maxillary sinus in cone-beam computerized tomography. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol...
Gardner DG. Pseudocysts and retention cysts of the maxillary sinus. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1984;58:561–7.
Chiapasco M, Palombo D. Sinus grafting and simultaneous removal of large antral pseudocysts of the maxillary sinus with a micro-invasive intraoral access. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;44:1499–505.
Cano J, Campo J, Alobera MA, Baca R. Surgical ciliated cyst of the maxilla. Cl...
Beretta M, Poli PP, Grossi GB, Pieroni S, Maiorana C. Long-term survival rate of implants placed in conjunction with 246 sinus floor elevation procedures: results of a 15-year retrospective study. J Dent. 2015;43:78–86.
Del Fabbro M, Corbella S, Weinstein T, Ceresoli V, Taschieri S. Implant survival rates after osteotome-mediated maxillary sinus augmentation: a systematic review. Clin Implant D...
Cone-beam computed tomographic
Protected Health Information
Sinus floor elevation
Our study found that the largest tissue thickening was present in the middle section of the maxillary sinus. This tissue thickening did not vary based on gender, age, or smoking status, nor did it relate to the underlying alveolar ridge height. However, patients with a history of periodontal diseases demonstrated a significant association with mucosal thickening. A mucosal thickening index was pro...
Although residual alveolar ridge height has been associated with sinus mucosal thickening [36], our study did not find a significant association between these two parameters. Acharya et al. [36] reported that lower available bone height in the subsinus region was related to thickened sinus membranes within an Asian-Indian and Hong Kong-based Chinese population. Differences in the ethnic compositio...
Based on the findings of the current study, a history of periodontal disease is the only identified parameter significantly associated with sinus mucosal thickening. This finding indicates that clinicians should expect some degree of mucosal thickening when performing sinus augmentation procedures in a previously periodontally involved site. This finding is consistent with several previously publi...
CBCT imaging has been recognized as a more sensitive imaging modality for identifying sinus thickening and pathoses in the posterior maxilla compared to panoramic radiography [21, 22]. This could explain why the current study identified a higher prevalence of mucosal thickening compared to earlier studies [23]. However, compared to other similar CBCT studies [21, 24, 25], the prevalence reported i...
Twenty-nine CBCT images (11 females and 18 males) were included in this study. All the implants placed in these included cases survived, representing a 100% implant survival rate. With regards to measurements of mucosal thickening, the intra-examiner reproducibility revealed an exact intra-examiner correlation of 99%, with a p value of 0.40 for a t test for independent samples, indicating a high r...
The sites that were measured are specified in the image below (Fig. 1). The most posterior and anterior aspects of the visible maxillary sinus were measured. The ½ point along with the ¼ and ¾ points were then selected, and the measurements of the mucosal thickening were then completed at these three sites. The thickest portion of the mucosa was also measured if it did not coincide with one of...
The study required access to University of Michigan Protected Health Information (PHI). PHI was necessary in order to track and coordinate the CBCT data and dental and medical history for each subject. Corresponding subject charts and electronic records were reviewed for retrieval of relevant implant placement and restorative history, medical history, and demographic information, including gender ...
Our study hypothesis was that mucosal thickening of more than 2 mm and up to 1/3 of the volume of the sinus would not alter the predictability for SFE and dental implant placement. The primary outcome was to determine the success rate of dental implant placement in augmented maxillary sinus areas with mucosal thickening. A secondary outcome was to evaluate the effect of gender, age, and smoking o...
Despite the high survival rate of dental implants inserted in maxillary sinuses that have undergone sinus floor elevation (SFE) with bone grafting, complications still occur [1–3]. Sinus membrane perforation is reported to be the most common complication [4, 5]. Postoperative maxillary sinusitis is less common (0–22%) [6, 7]; nevertheless, it could potentially compromise the outcome of SFE and...
Although mucosal thickening is the most common radiographic finding observed regarding sinus pathology, the knowledge regarding its clinical significance on the outcomes of dental implants and grafting in the maxillary sinuses is still limited. We hypothesized that mucosal thickening would not alter the predictability for sinus floor augmentation and dental implant placement. The purpose of this r...
Fig. 8. The association between mean osseus sinus volume of the maxillary sinus and gender. Men have a statistically significant higher mean osseus volume than women (p = 0.007)
Fig. 8. The association between mean osseus sinus volume of the maxillary sinus and gender. Men have a statistically significant higher mean osseus volume than women (p = 0.007)
Fig. 7. The association between the mean osseus sinus volume and age. No significant association between these parameters was found (p = 0.2)
Fig. 7. The association between the mean osseus sinus volume and age. No significant association between these parameters was found (p = 0.2)
Fig. 6. No statistical significant association between a patient’s age and the presence of obliteration of at least one maxillary sinus was found (p = 0.92). For better visibility, the diagram has been jittered along the y-axis
Fig. 6. No statistical significant association between a patient’s age and the presence of obliteration of at least one maxillary sinus was found (p = 0.92...
Fig. 5. The association between the obliterated volume and sinus pathology. The presence of a pathology significantly increased the obliterated volume of a maxillary sinus (p
Fig. 4. The association between the osseus volume and the dentition. Edentulous, partly edentulous, and dentate patients showed no relevant difference in the size of the osseus sinus volume (p = 0.52)
Fig. 4. The association between the osseus volume and the dentition. Edentulous, partly edentulous, and dentate patients showed no relevant difference in the size of the osseus sinus volume ...
Fig. 3. 3D view of osseus sinus volumes. Surface area (cm2) and volume (cm3) were calculated by the software
Fig. 3. 3D view of osseus sinus volumes. Surface area (cm2) and volume (cm3) were calculated by the software
Fig. 2. View from the coronal plane. The marked curves define the osseus and mucous boundaries of the maxillary sinuses. The hatched surface illustrates the measured remaining pneumatized cavity of an obliterated sinus and the filled (yellow) surface highlights the calculated obliterated volume
Fig. 2. View from the coronal plane. The marked curves define the osseus and mucous boundaries of t...
Fig. 1. Calculation of the sinus body by interpolating 15–25 curves at a distance of 2 mm, depending upon the size of the maxillary cavity
Fig. 1. Calculation of the sinus body by interpolating 15–25 curves at a distance of 2 mm, depending upon the size of the maxillary cavity
Frequency of pathologies
n
(%)
Absence of alteration
73
(57.0)
Mucosal thickening
...
Mean
Median
Minimum
Maximum
SD
Osseus sinus surface area (cm2)
...
Luz, J., Greutmann, D., Wiedemeier, D. et al. 3D-evaluation of the maxillary sinus in cone-beam computed tomography.
Int J Implant Dent 4, 17 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-018-0128-4
Download citation
Received: 30 January 2018
Accepted: 20 March 2018
Published: 05 June 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-018-0128-4
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were m...
JL and CR are residents at the Clinic of Cranio-Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland.
DG is a master student at the Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
MR is the Chairman of the Clinic for Cranio-Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
DW is t...
Correspondence to
Julia Luz.
Clinic of Cranio-Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Julia Luz, Dominique Greutmann, Claudio Rostetter, Martin Rücker & Bernd Stadlinger
Statistical Services, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Daniel Wiedemeier
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Ariji Y, Ariji E, Yoshiura K, Kanda S. Computed tomographic indices for maxillary sinus size in comparison with the sinus volume. Dento Maxillo Facial Radiology. 1996;25(1):19–24.
Uchida Y, Goto M, Katsuki T, Akiyoshi T. A cadaveric study of maxillary sinus size as an aid in bone grafting of the maxillary sinus floor. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1998;56(10):1158–63.
Uchida Y, Goto M, Katsuki T, ...
Lee KC, Lee SJ. Clinical features and treatments of odontogenic sinusitis. Yonsei Med J. 2010;51(6):932–7.
Brook I. Sinusitis of odontogenic origin. Otolaryngology Head Neck Surgery. 2006;135(3):349–55.
Nunes CA, Guedes OA, Alencar AH, Peters OA, Estrela CR, Estrela C. Evaluation of periapical lesions and their association with maxillary sinus abnormalities on cone-beam computed tomographic ...
Mozzo P, Procacci C, Tacconi A, Martini PT, Andreis IAB. A new volumetric CT machine for dental imaging based on the cone-beam technique: preliminary results. Eur Radiol. 1998;8(9):1558–64.
Price JB, Thaw KL, Tyndall DA, Ludlow JB, Padilla RJ. Incidental findings from cone beam computed tomography of the maxillofacial region: a descriptive retrospective study. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2012;23(11...
The present study showed the volume software to be a suitable tool for the measurement of the dimensions of the maxillary sinus. The results show that the osseus volume of the maxillary sinus varies on the base of gender and that the obliterated volume varies on the base of a present pathology. No statistically significant association between the patient’s age and the sinus volume or a present s...
Velasco-Torres et al. [19] showed a larger sinus volume for dentate patients compared to edentulous and partially edentulous patients. This may be explained through the loss of posterior teeth in the maxilla, leading to the reduction of mechanical stimulation of the maxillary sinus. As a consequence, the sinus could expand (pneumatization) due to increased pressure and ostoclastic activity of the ...
The aim of this study was to analyze volume parameters of the maxillary sinus based on CBCT data. Further, neighboring anatomical structures and related pathologies were recorded. Overall, the applied volume software used in this study allowed the calculation of the surface area and volume of maxillary sinuses.
In clinics, the radiographic evaluation of the maxillary sinus is obligatory prior to ...
No relationship was observed between a patient’s age and the presence of partial or complete obliteration of at least one maxillary sinus (Fig. 6, p = 0.92). Patient’s age and the mean osseus sinus volume were also not associated significantly (Fig. 7, p = 0.20). Both maxillary sinuses (osseus borders) of each patient were quite similar in size (mean difference between left and right...
In total, 128 maxillary sinuses were analyzed. The mean surface area was found to be 39.7 cm2 and the mean volume 17.1 cm3. The mean surface area of the remaining pneumatized cavities of obliterated sinuses was found to be 36.4 cm2 and the mean volume 15 cm3 (Table 1). 42.2% of all sinuses showed an obliteration, and the mean volume of the obliterated sinuses was 5.1 cm3. If there was an obl...
Patient-specific variables like gender, date of birth, and date of CBCT were recorded. The date of the CBCT image was further divided into either being in autumn/winter (1 January 2013–19 March 2013; 22 September 2013–31 December 2013) or spring/summer (20 March 2013–21 September 2013). The maxillary sinus was classified into obliterated or nonobliterated. It was also documented if there was...
In the present study, 64 CBCT images (128 maxillary sinuses), taken between 1 January 2013 and 31 December 2013 at the Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery at the University of Zurich, were included. The inclusion criterion of each CBCT scan was the presence of two complete maxillary sinuses; the osseus borders of both sinuses had to be entirely visible.
The scans were performed us...
The precise assessment of the maxillary sinus is important in oral and maxillofacial surgery in cases of traumatology, sinusitis, and dental implantology. After the introduction of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in dental medicine in 1998 [1], the number of clinicians using CBCTs increased constantly. Whereas in 2004, there were only three CBCTs registered in Switzerland, the current number ...
There are few studies measuring the dimensions of the maxillary sinus, being mostly based on computed tomography imaging and rarely being based on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). The aim of this study was to measure the 3D osseous and soft tissue defined volume and surface area of the maxillary sinus. Further, possible associations with patient-specific and sinus-related variables were evalu...
Figure 2. Figure illustrating the proposed mucosal thickening index. A ≤1 mm, indicating no thickening; B >1 mm but ≤2 mm, indicating minimal thickening; C >2 mm but ≤5 mm, indicating moderate thickening; D >5 mm, indicating severe thickening
Table 2 Statistical results after inter-variable adjustment showing the association between recorded parameters and sinus mucosal thickening; p values that showed statistically significant differences are italicized
Gender
Respiratory diseases
Cardio-vascular diseases
Diabetes mellitus
Smoking
History of periodontal diseases
Endodontic treatment
History of orthodontic t...
Table 1 CBCT measurements of sinus mucosal thickening
Patient
Anterior(E1-floor of the sinus)
Middle(C1-floor of the sinus)
Posterior(D1-floor of the sinus)
Thickest(F-floor of the sinus)
1
3.06
0.32
0.76
4.59
2
0.34
0.21
0.20
0.34
3
0.39
0.54
1.38
1.66
4
4.15
3.79
0.61
6.36
5
5.64
1.33
3.73
8.42
6
7.34
0.77
0.86
7.66
7
1.9...
Figure 1. Figure illustrating the reference points of the CBCT measurements. A: most posterior point of the sinus wall; B: most anterior point of the sinus wall; C: mid-point between A and B; C1: measurement of mucosal thickening perpendicular to A–B line at point C; D: mid-point between A and C; D1: measurement of mucosal thickening perpendicular to A–B line at point D...
Shahbazian M, Vandewoude C, Wyatt J, Jacobs R. Comparative assessment of panoramic radiography and CBCT imaging for radiodiagnostics in the posterior maxilla. Clin Oral Investig. 2014;18:293–300.
Logan GM, Brocklebank LM. An audit of occipitomental radiographs. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 1999;28:158–61.
Pazera P, Bornstein MM, Pazera A, Sendi P, Katsaros C. Incidental maxillary sinus findings...
Shanbhag S, Karnik P, Shirke P, Shanbhag V. Cone-beam computed tomographic analysis of sinus membrane thickness, ostium patency, and residual ridge heights in the posterior maxilla: implications for sinus floor elevation. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2014;25:755–60.
Gardner DG. Pseudocysts and retention cysts of the maxillary sinus. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1984;58:561–7.
Chiapasco M, Pa...
References
Beretta M, Poli PP, Grossi GB, Pieroni S, Maiorana C. Long-term survival rate of implants placed in conjunction with 246 sinus floor elevation procedures: results of a 15-year retrospective study. J Dent. 2015;43:78–86.
Del Fabbro M, Corbella S, Weinstein T, Ceresoli V, Taschieri S. Implant survival rates after osteotome-mediated maxillary sinus augmentation: a systematic revi...
This study presents new data on maxillary sinus mucosal thickening derived from a carefully defined data set; however, there were some limitations in the study. One limitation was the limited sample size. However, as discussed, our stringent case selection criteria yielded a more uniform data set for analyses. Other limitations were related to the actual measurements of the maxillary sinus. ...
Our study did not find a significant association between endodontically treated teeth and mucosal thickening. Though this finding is consistent with some previously published studies, other studies did report an association. These discrepant findings could be the result of different inclusion criteria in the study design. Since our study did not include any patients with radiographic signs o...
The current study demonstrated that sinus mucosal thickening does not correlate with implant survival. This result is consistent with a previously published report by Jungner et al. In their study, the presence of sinus thickening was not significantly associated with implant failure. Similarly, our study found a 100% implant survival rate for both patients with and without sinus mucosal thi...
Discussion
CBCT imaging has been recognized as a more sensitive imaging modality for identifying sinus thickening and pathoses in the posterior maxilla compared to panoramic radiography. This could explain why the current study identified a higher prevalence of mucosal thickening compared to earlier studies. However, compared to other similar CBCT studies, the prevalence reporte...
Results
Twenty-nine CBCT images (11 females and 18 males) were included in this study. All the implants placed in these included cases survived, representing a 100% implant survival rate. With regards to measurements of mucosal thickening, the intra-examiner reproducibility revealed an exact intra-examiner correlation of 99%, with a p value of 0.40 for a t test for independen...
In order to standardize the measurements for each sinus, each scan was carefully oriented in the axial, coronal, and sagittal plane. In the axial plane, a horizontal line from the right and left zygoma was chosen as the standard. Orienting the hard palate horizontally was the standard in the coronal plane as well as in the sagittal plane. The specific teeth that were to be replaced by implants wer...
Given these specific inclusion and exclusion criteria and the specific purpose of this study, only 29 cases qualified for inclusion from an original screen of approximately 4000 cases. An initial search of our database resulted in a larger number of cases that would theoretically qualify; however, further investigation revealed the need to exclude a great number of cases. The reasons for exclusion...
Methods
Study design
Our study hypothesis was that mucosal thickening of more than 2 mm and up to 1/3 of the volume of the sinus would not alter the predictability for SFE and dental implant placement. The primary outcome was to determine the success rate of dental implant placement in augmented maxillary sinus areas with mucosal thickening. A secondary outcome was to evaluate the effect of g...
Background
Despite the high survival rate of dental implants inserted in maxillary sinuses that have undergone sinus floor elevation (SFE) with bone grafting, complications still occur. Sinus membrane perforation is reported to be the most common complication. Postoperative maxillary sinusitis is less common (0–22%); nevertheless, it could potentially compromise the outcome of...
Dental implants and grafting success remain high despite large variations in maxillary sinus mucosal thickening
Abstract
Background
Although mucosal thickening is the most common radiographic finding observed regarding sinus pathology, the knowledge regarding its clinical significance on the outcomes of dental implants and grafting in the maxillary sinuses is still limited. We hypothesized th...