Fig. 6. Loading of implant off-axially
Fig. 6. Loading of implant off-axially
Fig. 5. Loading of implant axially
Fig. 5. Loading of implant axially
Fig. 4. Installation of strain gauges on surfaces of epoxy resin adjacent to mini implants
Fig. 4. Installation of strain gauges on surfaces of epoxy resin adjacent to mini implants
Fig. 3. Lava Ultimate Restorative crown on the two mini implants.
Fig. 3. Lava Ultimate Restorative crown on the two mini implants.
Fig. 2. Metal crown supported on two mini implants
Fig. 2. Metal crown supported on two mini implants
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. a Standard, b short-wide, and c single-piece mini implants
Crown
Implant type
Axial
Off-axial
P-value
Mean
SD
...
Axial
Off-axial
P value
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
...
Lava Ultimate
crowns
Metal
crowns
P value
Mean
SD
Mean
...
Load
Crown type
Standard
Short-wide
Double mini
P value
...
Standard
Short-wide
Double mini
P value
Mean
SD
Mean
...
Elfadaly, L.S., Khairallah, L.S. & Al Agroudy, M.A. Peri-implant biomechanical responses to standard, short-wide, and double mini implants replacing missing molar supporting hybrid ceramic or full-metal crowns under axial and off-axial loading: an in vitro study.
Int J Implant Dent 3, 31 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-017-0094-2
Download citation
Received: 14 Februar...
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were...
The authors L.S.Elfadaly, L.S.Kheirallah, and M.A.Alagroudy state that they have no competing interests.
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Fixed Prosthodontics, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
Lamiaa Said Elfadaly, Lamiaa Sayed Khairallah & Mona Atteya Al Agroudy
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Gracis S, Nicholls J, Chalupnik J, Yuodelis R. Shock-absorbing behavior of five restorative materials used on implants. Int J Prosthodont. 1990;4:282–91.
Skalak R. Biomechanical considerations in osseointegrated prostheses. J Prosthet Dent. 1983;49:843–8.
Misch C. Clinical biomechanics in implant dentistry, Contemporary Implant Dentistry. 3rd ed. 2008. p. 543–56. mosby,inc.
Lundgren D, La...
Himmlova L, Dostalova T, Kacovsky A, Konvickova S. Influence of implant length and diameter on stress distribution: a finite element analysis. J Prosthet Dent. 2004;91(1):20–5.
Shetty S, Puthukkat N, Bhat S, Shenoy K. Short implants: a new dimension in rehabilitation of atrophic maxilla and mandible. Journal of Interdisciplinary Dentistry. 2014;4(2):66.
Misch C, Bidez M. Contemporary implant d...
Barbier L, Vander SJ, Krzesinski G, Schepers E, Van der Perre G. Finite element analysis of non-axial versus axial loading of oral implants in the mandible of the dog. J Oral Rehabil. 1998;25(11):847–58.
Saime S, Murat C, Emine Y. The influence of functional forces on the biomechanics of implant-supported prostheses—a review. J Dent. 2002;30:271–82.
Balshi T, Hernandez R, Pryszlak M, Range...
Mazor Z, Lorean A, Mijiritsky E, Levin L. Replacement of a molar with 2 narrow diameter dental implants. Implant Dent. 2012;21(1):36–8.
Atwood D. Postextraction changes in the adult mandible as illustrated by micrographs of midsagittal sections and serial cephalometric roentgenograms. J Prosthet Dent. 1963;13:810–24.
Felice P, Pellegrino G, Checchi L, Pistilli R, Esposito M. Vertical augment...
Within the limitations of this in vitro study, the following conclusions could be drawn:
Implant design, superstructure material, and load direction significantly affect peri-implant microstrains.
The recorded compressive and tensile microstrains for the tested designs were within the physiologic loading range, as they did not exceed the compressive or tensile strength of the bone-implant interf...
Regarding the effect of superstructure material on induced microstrains, generally, different implant designs supporting Lava Ultimate crowns showed higher mean microstrain values(1927.3 ± 1536.6 μɛ), in comparison with those supporting metal crowns (1313.7 ± 973.1 μɛ).Theoretical considerations [44, 45] and in vitro experiments [46,47,48,49] suggest that an occlusal material with ...
Regarding the effect of direction of loading on induced microstrains, it was shown that changing the position of occlusal loading had a considerable effect on the amount of distribution of stresses where axial loading generated even distribution of load around the implant in comparison to off-axial loading where stresses were more pronounced in the area of load application. This might be due to th...
Previous studies have shown that direct correlations exist between microstrain magnitudes and bone stability/instability conditions. This has been summarized by Frost, when bone is loaded below about 2000 microstrains, bone can easily repair what little microdamage occurs. Yet, when pathologic overloading occurs (over 4000 microstrains), stress and strain gradients exceed the physiologic tolerance...
To replace a missing lower molar in compromised ridge, different treatment options were suggested, using either a standard size implant with surgical procedures, short-wide implant, or two mini implants. Concerning the use of mini implant, splinted multiple implants increase the surface area that interfaces with the bone to lessen the per square millimeters of force borne by the bone [11]. The imp...
Results revealed that standard implant showed the statistically significantly highest mean microstrain values (3362.4 ± 757.4 μɛ). Double mini implant showed statistically significantly lower mean microstrain values (801.6 ± 251.4 μɛ), while short-wide implant showed the statistically significantly lowest mean microstrain values (697.6 ± 79.7 μɛ), with a P value
Data were presented as mean and standard deviation (SD) values. Data were explored for normality by checking data distribution and histograms, calculating mean and median values, and finally using Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests of normality. Stress data showed non-parametric distribution, so the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare between the types of implants. The Mann-Whitney U te...
Each crown was cemented to its corresponding implant-abutment assembly using temporary cement (Cavex Temporary Cement, Cavex, Holland).
Each implant received 4 strain gauges (Kowa strain gages, Japan) placed on the mesial, distal, buccal, and lingual surfaces of the epoxy resin adjacent to the implants. At these selected sites, the thickness of the epoxy resin surrounding each implant was reduced...
In the present study, the following materials were used: titanium root form endosseous implants of standard diameter and length (4-mm platform, 3.8-mm diameter,12-mm length, fixture bevel 0.2 mm, Super Line System, Dentium, USA), short-wide implant (7-mm platform, 5.8-mm diameter, 7-mm length, Super Line System, Dentium, Seoul, Korea) with 1.5-mm machined surface and 5.5-mm threaded surface that ...
There are several factors that affect force magnitudes in peri-implant bone. The application of functional forces induces stresses and strains within the implant prosthesis complex and affect the bone remodeling process around implants [8, 9].
While there are several methods of measuring strain, the most common is with a strain gauge, a device whose electrical resistance varies in proportion to t...
The molars are one of the first teeth to be lost over lifetime; thus, their replacement is frequently needed. Implantation is generally the preferred choice to replace a missing single tooth avoiding vital teeth preparation and bridge fabrication [1].
The mandibular bone loss occurs as knife-edge residual ridge where there is marked narrowing of the labiolingual diameter of the crest of the ridge...
The aim of this study was to evaluate the biomechanical response of the peri-implant bone to standard, short-wide, and double mini implants replacing missing molar supporting either hybrid ceramic crowns (Lava Ultimate restorative) or full-metal crowns under two different loading conditions (axial and off-axial loading) using strain gauge analysis.
Three single-molar implant designs, (1) single, ...
Fig. 6. Loading of implant off-axially
Fig. 6. Loading of implant off-axially
Fig. 5. Loading of implant axially
Fig. 5. Loading of implant axially
Fig. 4. Installation of strain gauges on surfaces of epoxy resin adjacent to mini implants
Fig. 4. Installation of strain gauges on surfaces of epoxy resin adjacent to mini implants
Fig. 3. Lava Ultimate Restorative crown on the two mini implants.
Fig. 3. Lava Ultimate Restorative crown on the two mini implants.
Fig. 2. Metal crown supported on two mini implants
Fig. 2. Metal crown supported on two mini implants
Fig. 1. a Standard, b short-wide, and c single-piece mini implants
Crown
Implant type
Axial
Off-axial
P-value
Mean
SD
...
Axial
Off-axial
P value
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
...
Lava Ultimate
crowns
Metal
crowns
P value
Mean
SD
Mean
...
Load
Crown type
Standard
Short-wide
Double mini
P value
...
Standard
Short-wide
Double mini
P value
Mean
SD
Mean
...
Elfadaly, L.S., Khairallah, L.S. & Al Agroudy, M.A. Peri-implant biomechanical responses to standard, short-wide, and double mini implants replacing missing molar supporting hybrid ceramic or full-metal crowns under axial and off-axial loading: an in vitro study.
Int J Implant Dent 3, 31 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-017-0094-2
Download citation
Received: 14 Februar...
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were...
The authors L.S.Elfadaly, L.S.Kheirallah, and M.A.Alagroudy state that they have no competing interests.
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Fixed Prosthodontics, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
Lamiaa Said Elfadaly, Lamiaa Sayed Khairallah & Mona Atteya Al Agroudy
You can also search for this author in
PubMed Google Scholar
You can also search for this author in
PubMed Google Scholar
You can also search for this author in
PubMed Google Scholar
LSE have...
Gracis S, Nicholls J, Chalupnik J, Yuodelis R. Shock-absorbing behavior of five restorative materials used on implants. Int J Prosthodont. 1990;4:282–91.
Skalak R. Biomechanical considerations in osseointegrated prostheses. J Prosthet Dent. 1983;49:843–8.
Misch C. Clinical biomechanics in implant dentistry, Contemporary Implant Dentistry. 3rd ed. 2008. p. 543–56. mosby,inc.
Lundgren D, La...
Himmlova L, Dostalova T, Kacovsky A, Konvickova S. Influence of implant length and diameter on stress distribution: a finite element analysis. J Prosthet Dent. 2004;91(1):20–5.
Shetty S, Puthukkat N, Bhat S, Shenoy K. Short implants: a new dimension in rehabilitation of atrophic maxilla and mandible. Journal of Interdisciplinary Dentistry. 2014;4(2):66.
Misch C, Bidez M. Contemporary implant d...
Barbier L, Vander SJ, Krzesinski G, Schepers E, Van der Perre G. Finite element analysis of non-axial versus axial loading of oral implants in the mandible of the dog. J Oral Rehabil. 1998;25(11):847–58.
Saime S, Murat C, Emine Y. The influence of functional forces on the biomechanics of implant-supported prostheses—a review. J Dent. 2002;30:271–82.
Balshi T, Hernandez R, Pryszlak M, Range...
Mazor Z, Lorean A, Mijiritsky E, Levin L. Replacement of a molar with 2 narrow diameter dental implants. Implant Dent. 2012;21(1):36–8.
Atwood D. Postextraction changes in the adult mandible as illustrated by micrographs of midsagittal sections and serial cephalometric roentgenograms. J Prosthet Dent. 1963;13:810–24.
Felice P, Pellegrino G, Checchi L, Pistilli R, Esposito M. Vertical augment...
Within the limitations of this in vitro study, the following conclusions could be drawn:
Implant design, superstructure material, and load direction significantly affect peri-implant microstrains.
The recorded compressive and tensile microstrains for the tested designs were within the physiologic loading range, as they did not exceed the compressive or tensile strength of the bone-implant interf...
Regarding the effect of superstructure material on induced microstrains, generally, different implant designs supporting Lava Ultimate crowns showed higher mean microstrain values(1927.3 ± 1536.6 μɛ), in comparison with those supporting metal crowns (1313.7 ± 973.1 μɛ).Theoretical considerations [44, 45] and in vitro experiments [46,47,48,49] suggest that an occlusal material with ...
Regarding the effect of direction of loading on induced microstrains, it was shown that changing the position of occlusal loading had a considerable effect on the amount of distribution of stresses where axial loading generated even distribution of load around the implant in comparison to off-axial loading where stresses were more pronounced in the area of load application. This might be due to th...
Previous studies have shown that direct correlations exist between microstrain magnitudes and bone stability/instability conditions. This has been summarized by Frost, when bone is loaded below about 2000 microstrains, bone can easily repair what little microdamage occurs. Yet, when pathologic overloading occurs (over 4000 microstrains), stress and strain gradients exceed the physiologic tolerance...
To replace a missing lower molar in compromised ridge, different treatment options were suggested, using either a standard size implant with surgical procedures, short-wide implant, or two mini implants. Concerning the use of mini implant, splinted multiple implants increase the surface area that interfaces with the bone to lessen the per square millimeters of force borne by the bone [11]. The imp...
Results revealed that standard implant showed the statistically significantly highest mean microstrain values (3362.4 ± 757.4 μɛ). Double mini implant showed statistically significantly lower mean microstrain values (801.6 ± 251.4 μɛ), while short-wide implant showed the statistically significantly lowest mean microstrain values (697.6 ± 79.7 μɛ), with a P value
Data were presented as mean and standard deviation (SD) values. Data were explored for normality by checking data distribution and histograms, calculating mean and median values, and finally using Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests of normality. Stress data showed non-parametric distribution, so the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare between the types of implants. The Mann-Whitney U te...
Each crown was cemented to its corresponding implant-abutment assembly using temporary cement (Cavex Temporary Cement, Cavex, Holland).
Each implant received 4 strain gauges (Kowa strain gages, Japan) placed on the mesial, distal, buccal, and lingual surfaces of the epoxy resin adjacent to the implants. At these selected sites, the thickness of the epoxy resin surrounding each implant was reduced...
In the present study, the following materials were used: titanium root form endosseous implants of standard diameter and length (4-mm platform, 3.8-mm diameter,12-mm length, fixture bevel 0.2 mm, Super Line System, Dentium, USA), short-wide implant (7-mm platform, 5.8-mm diameter, 7-mm length, Super Line System, Dentium, Seoul, Korea) with 1.5-mm machined surface and 5.5-mm threaded surface that ...
There are several factors that affect force magnitudes in peri-implant bone. The application of functional forces induces stresses and strains within the implant prosthesis complex and affect the bone remodeling process around implants [8, 9].
While there are several methods of measuring strain, the most common is with a strain gauge, a device whose electrical resistance varies in proportion to t...
The molars are one of the first teeth to be lost over lifetime; thus, their replacement is frequently needed. Implantation is generally the preferred choice to replace a missing single tooth avoiding vital teeth preparation and bridge fabrication [1].
The mandibular bone loss occurs as knife-edge residual ridge where there is marked narrowing of the labiolingual diameter of the crest of the ridge...
The aim of this study was to evaluate the biomechanical response of the peri-implant bone to standard, short-wide, and double mini implants replacing missing molar supporting either hybrid ceramic crowns (Lava Ultimate restorative) or full-metal crowns under two different loading conditions (axial and off-axial loading) using strain gauge analysis.
Three single-molar implant designs, (1) single, ...
Fig. 5. SEM images of the mesial margin of abrasion under topography contrast (a) and material contrast (b)
Fig. 5. SEM images of the mesial margin of abrasion under topography contrast (a) and material contrast (b)
Fig. 4. Luting agent located mostly in the crown (a) and only sparsely on the implant (b). A crown fragment is remaining on the implant
Fig. 4. Luting agent located mostly in the crown (a) and only sparsely on the implant (b). A crown fragment is remaining on the implant
Fig. 3. Area of abrasion (yellow surface) and maximum vertical wear (arrow)
Fig. 3. Area of abrasion (yellow surface) and maximum vertical wear (arrow)
Fig. 2. Four replicas on specimen stubs and foam pellets in the sample holder of the Micro-CT
Fig. 2. Four replicas on specimen stubs and foam pellets in the sample holder of the Micro-CT
Fig. 1. Luted crown on embedded implant before chewing simulation
Fig. 1. Luted crown on embedded implant before chewing simulation
ANOVA results
Pull-out forces
Maximum wear
Volume wear
F (df)
0.02 (3, 16)
...
CS round (n)
Pull-out forces
Maximum wear
Volume wear
#1 (5)
319.6 (75.4)
...
Voltage
60 kV
Amperage
167 μA
Filter
No filter
...
Baumgart, P., Kirsten, H., Haak, R. et al. Biomechanical properties of polymer-infiltrated ceramic crowns on one-piece zirconia implants after long-term chewing simulation.
Int J Implant Dent 4, 16 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-018-0127-5
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Received: 16 November 2017
Accepted: 20 March 2018
Published: 23 May 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s4072...
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were m...
Not applicable
Not applicable
Pia Baumgart, Holger Kirsten, Rainer Haak, and Constanze Olms declare that they have no competing interests.
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Department of Dental Prosthodontics and Materials Science, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 12, Haus 1, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
Pia Baumgart
Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology (IMISE), Haertelstraße 16-18, 04107, Leipzig, Germany
Holger Kirsten
LIFE Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Straße 27, 04103, Leipzig, ...
The authors would like to thank T. Meißner for the lab support.
Not applicable
The datasets supporting the conclusions of this article are available. Availability of data and materials by the corresponding author: constanze.olms@medizin.uni-leipzig.de
Coldea A, Swain MV, Thiel N. Mechanical properties of polymer-infiltrated-ceramic-network materials. Dent Mater. 2013;29:419–26.
Dirxen C, Blunck U, Preissner S. Clinical performance of a new biomimetic double network material. Open Dent J. 2013;7:118–22.
Della Bona A, Corazza PH, Zhang Y. Characterization of a polymer-infiltrated ceramic-network material. Dent Mater. 2014;30:564–9.
Keul ...
Guess PR, Att W, Strub JR. Zirconia in Fixed Implant Prosthodontics. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2012;14:633-45
Wilson TG Jr. The Positive Relationship Between Excess Cement and Peri-Implant Disease: A prospective Clinical Endoscopic Study. J Periodontol. 2009;80:1388–92.
Schwenter J, Schmidli F, Weiger R, Fischer J. Adhesive bonding to polymer infiltrated ceramic. Dent Mater J. 2016;35:796...
Three-dimensional space
Analysis of variance
Computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing
confidence interval (exact) according to Clopper-Pearson
Chewing simulation
degrees of freedom
Et alii/et aliae/et alia
F test
Mean
X-ray micro-computed tomography
Number
p value
Polymer-infiltrated ceramic network
Standard deviation
Scanning electron microscope
Vita Enamic
The present study demonstrates that elastic PICN crowns on rigid one-piece zirconia implants seem to be a promising material combination for clinical practice. Though the crowns suffered major wear after CS, the stability was not affected, and no catastrophic failure occurred. However, clinical trials are essential to examine the behavior of the material combination, especially in comparison to ot...
The missing comparison to other PICN materials can be considered a limitation of the study. Since VE is a unicum in the family of PICN materials, it is difficult to find an appropriate material of comparison, especially since Lava Ultimate (3M Espe), a resin nanoceramic, is no longer indicated as a crown material due to a high rate of loosening. The review of Mainjot et al. reported that the loose...
In the study of Naumova et al., volume and vertical wear of PICN crowns, compared to other materials such as a nanoceramic resin and a lithium silicate reinforced ceramic after CS, were tested [11]. They used the same settings of CS as in the present study, but the crowns were luted to extracted molars instead of implants and extracted molars as antagonists were used as well. Concerning volume and...
To the best of our knowledge, it was the first time that the biomechanical properties of polymer-infiltrated ceramic crowns on one-piece zirconia implants after long-term chewing simulation were examined. The present in vitro study investigated the biomechanical properties concerning surface wear and bond strength. No fractures occurred during long-term chewing simulation, and the abrasion of the ...
No failure occurred as none of the tested crowns or implants was fractured or loosened during or after CS.
The tested crowns showed a maximum wear depth of M = 0.31 ± 0.04 mm (mean ± SD) and volume wear of M = 0.74 ± 0.23 mm3 (mean ± SD). Table 2 shows the mean and standard deviation of assessed parameters (pull-out forces, maximum wear, volume wear) of each round o...
For volume assessment of abrasion, each 3D data set was segmented before and after CS in CTAn (CTAnalyzer V.1.15.4.0, Bruker microCT). Both data sets were overlapped, and the remaining volume of abrasion quantified in pixels and converted into cubic millimeters.
The maximum wear depth was determined by “blowing up” virtual bullets within the surface of abrasion. The diameter of the most massi...
The specimens attached to the parallelometer were perpendicularly recessed until only the upper coils of the implants were on view.
To produce replicas of the specimens from the experimental group, the crowns’ occlusal was cast using VPS Hydro Putty und VPS Hydro Light Body (Henry Schein Inc., New York, USA) before and after CS. The impression was grouted with Stycast 1266 (Loctite Henkel Elect...
Twenty-five PICN crowns (Vita Enamic, Vita Zahnfabrik, Bad Säckingen, Germany) for premolars were produced using CAD/CAM technology and polished with the Vita Enamic Polishing Set Technical (Vita Zahnfabrik) as recommended by the manufacturer. All crowns were bonded to identical one-piece zirconia testing implants. The implants were turned from pre-sintered zirconia blocks (VITA In-Ceram® 2000 ...
The demand for tooth-colored dental restorations has increased rapidly within the last few years. Ceramic restorations can often meet these requirements. In dental implantology, zirconia especially—due to its esthetical advantage as well as high flexural strength and outstanding biocompatibility—has gained importance [1]. On the other hand, one-piece zirconia implants are not yet commonly use...
Implant and superstructure provide a complex system, which has to withstand oral conditions. Concerning the brittleness of many ceramics, fractures are a greatly feared issue. Therefore, polymer-infiltrated ceramic networks (PICNs) were developed. Because of its high elastic modulus, the PICN crown on a one-piece zirconia implant might absorb forces to prevent the system from fracturing in order ...
Figure 4. Bone implant contact of different test groups
Figure 3. a Stained histomorphometric section demonstrating bone implant contact of uncoated zirconia implant. b Stained histomorphometric section demonstrating bone implant contact of HA–hybrid–zirconia surface. c Stained histomorphometric section demonstrating bone implant contact of PRP–hybrid–zirconia surface
Figure 3. a Stained histomorphometric section demonstrating bone...
Figure 2. a SEM image, ×10,000, demonstrating the characteristic porous surface of selective infiltration etching surface of zirconia. b SEM image, ×500, demonstrating deposition of PRP coat and complete filling of the porous surface. c SEM image, ×500, demonstrating filling of the porous surface with particles of HA
Figure 2. a SEM image, ×10,000, demonstrating the characteristic...
Figure 1. a Mercury porosimetry and the average pore diameter of the prepared implants. b EDX analysis of hybrid–zirconia surface showing peaks of zirconia, calcium, and phosphate. Ca/P ratio is 1.67. c XRD peaks of uncoated and bioactive implants showing characteristic peaks specific for tetragonal yttrium zirconium oxide crystal system represented by (101), (112), (200), and (211) a...
References
Pye AD, Lockhart DEA, Dawson MP, et al. A review of dental implants and infection. J Hosp Infect. 2009;72:104–10.
Heydecke G, Thomason JM, Lund JP, Feine JS. The impact of conventional and implant supported prostheses on social and sexual activities in edentulous adults: results from a randomized trial 2 months after treatment. J Dent. 2005;33:649–57.
Albrektsson T, Branema...
Discussion
Several techniques were previously tested for coating hydroxyl apatite particles in the surface of implants as the following: thermal (plasma) spraying, dipping coating, electrochemical deposition, sputter coating, pulsed laser deposition, and sol-gel technique. Many parameters determined the performance of HA coating both in vitro and in vivo, including chemical composition, crystal...
Results
Mercury porosimetry revealed comparable (F = 0.047, P
Methods
Preparation of zirconia implants
CAD/CAM zirconia milling blocks (NobelBiocare, Göteborg, Sweden) were used for preparation of zirconia implants (cylinders 3.7 mm × 8 mm). The milled implants were sintered according to manufacturer recommendations (1350 °C for 6 h). To produce a nano-porous surface, all specimens were subjected to selective infiltration etching (SIE) techniq...
Background
Dental implants became one of the most reliable techniques used to restore missing teeth. Material composition and surface topography play a fundamental role in osseointegration. Therefore, various chemical and physical surface modifications have been developed to improve osseous healing around the inserted implants. Two main approaches have been suggested to improve surface properti...
Bioactive–hybrid–zirconia implant surface for enhancing osseointegration: an in vivo study
Abstract
Background
Zirconia is characterized by a hard, dense, and chemically inert surface which requires additional surface treatments in order to enhance osseointegration. The proposed hypothesis of the study was that combination of a nano-porous surface infiltrated with a bioactive material may...