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Do not Ignore That Cavity: The Hidden Risks of Unt...

Short Answer Ignoring a cavity can lead to severe pain, infections, tooth loss, and even systemic health issues. Early treatment by a dentist, like Dr. Andreas Tjandra at Doctor Dentist Clinic in West Jakarta, can prevent complications and save your smile. Long Answer A cavity is more than just a small hole in your tooth—it’s a warning sign of decay that, if left untreated, can spiral into ...

The Hidden Dangers of Ignoring a Cavity: Why You S...

Short Answer Ignoring a cavity can lead to severe dental problems, including tooth loss, infections, and even systemic health issues. Untreated cavities worsen over time, causing pain, sensitivity, and damage to surrounding teeth. Early treatment prevents complications and preserves oral health. Long Answer A cavity is a small hole in your tooth caused by decay, often due to poo...

Are Dental X-Rays Safe?

Short Answer:Yes, dental X-rays are generally safe when performed with modern equipment and proper precautions. The radiation exposure is minimal, and the benefits of early detection of dental issues far outweigh the risks. Long Answer:Dental X-rays, also known as radiographs, are a crucial diagnostic tool in dentistry. They help dentists detect hidden dental problems like cavities, bone infectio...

How Often Should I Visit the Dentist?

Short Answer You should visit the dentist every 6 months for a routine check-up and cleaning. However, if you have specific dental concerns—such as gum disease, frequent cavities, or other oral health issues—your dentist may recommend more frequent visits. Long Answer Maintaining good oral hygiene goes beyond brushing and flossing daily. Regular dental visits are crucial for preventing prob...

What Are the Signs of a Cavity? Explore the Warnin...

Cavities, also known as dental caries, are one of the most common dental issues worldwide. They occur when bacteria in your mouth produce acids that erode tooth enamel, leading to decay. Recognizing the early signs of a cavity can help you seek timely treatment and prevent further damage. In this post, we willll explore the key indicators of a cavity, so you can take action before it worsens. 1. ...

The Bright Future of Dental Implants

Introduction: A Smile Worth Millions   Imagine waking up one morning, looking in the mirror, and flashing a perfect smile—confident, natural, and effortless. No more hiding your teeth when you laugh. No more struggling with dentures that slip or bridges that feel unnatural. No more avoiding your favorite foods because chewing is painful. For millions of people worldwide, this isn’t just a ...

Advances in Dental Implantology

Abstract Dental implants have revolutionized restorative dentistry by providing a durable, functional, and aesthetic solution for tooth loss. This paper reviews the evolution of dental implants, from the discovery of osseointegration to modern digital workflows. Key topics include implant materials (titanium vs. zirconia), surgical innovations (guided surgery, immediate loading), success rates, a...

Surgical Placement of Dental Implants

Introduction The surgical placement of dental implants has become a cornerstone in restorative dentistry, offering patients a durable and functional alternative to traditional prosthetics. Dental implants serve as prosthetic roots that anchor crowns, bridges, or dentures, mimicking the natural tooth structure effectively. The success of dental implants hinges on meticulous surgical techniques, pr...

Bone Preservation in Dental Implants

Abstract Tooth loss represents a significant health concern that leads to profound functional and aesthetic challenges. One of the most critical consequences of tooth loss is the subsequent resorption of the underlying jawbone, a process accelerated by traditional dental solutions such as dentures and bridges. In contrast, dental implants have proven effective in preserving bone structure by stim...

Clinical Significance of Osseointegration in Denta...

Abstract Osseointegration represents the biological cornerstone of contemporary dental implant therapy and is fundamental to achieving predictable long-term clinical success. First described by Brånemark, osseointegration is defined as a direct structural and functional connection between living bone and the surface of a load-bearing implant, without the interposition of fibrous tissue [1,2]. Th...

Neutrophils & Dental Implants

  Table of Content Introduction General introduction to the importance of neutrophils in immune responses. Importance of neutrophils in the context of implantology. Overview of general implantology and dental implantology. Neutrophils: Basic Functions and Mechanisms Overview of neutrophils in the immune system. Role in inflammation, immune s...

Brånemark

Introduction Per-Ingvar Brånemark (born 1929 in Gothenburg, Sweden) is one of the most prominent figures in the field of implant dentistry. He is widely regarded as the pioneer of modern dental implants and is best known for his groundbreaking discovery of osseointegration—the process by which a titanium implant fuses with the bone—revolutionizing the way dental professionals treat patients ...

Preservation of Adjacent Teeth: Dental Implants vs...

  Introduction The advancement of dental technology has introduced several options for replacing missing teeth, with dental implants and dental bridges being two of the most commonly used solutions. Both methods offer significant functional and aesthetic benefits, but they differ notably in how they affect the adjacent teeth. One of the major advantages of dental implants over dental bridges is...

Subperiosteal Implants in Implant Dentistry

Abstract Subperiosteal implants have played a significant role in the field of dental implantology, particularly for patients with insufficient bone mass to support traditional endosteal implants. These implants, placed beneath the gum line but above the jawbone, offer an alternative for patients who are not candidates for endosteal implants due to severe bone loss. Although once a common solutio...

Endosteal Implants in Dentistry: A Comprehensive R...

Abstract Subperiosteal implants have played a significant role in the field of dental implantology, particularly for patients with insufficient bone mass to support traditional endosteal implants. These implants, placed beneath the gum line but above the jawbone, offer an alternative for patients who are not candidates for endosteal implants due to severe bone loss. Although once a common solutio...

Dental Implant Crown Placement

Introduction Dental implants have revolutionized modern dentistry by providing a reliable and long-lasting solution for replacing missing teeth. A critical component of this restorative process is the placement of a crown, which serves as the final prosthetic restoration that enhances both the function and aesthetics of the implant. The crown, attached to an abutment placed on the implant fixture...

Implant Placement in Dentistry: Procedure, Technol...

Abstract Dental implants have become the gold standard for replacing missing teeth, providing a long-lasting solution for tooth restoration. This paper explores the procedure of dental implant placement, with a focus on the steps involved, technologies used in diagnosis and planning, anesthesia options, and post-operative considerations. Emphasis is placed on the importance of accurate imaging te...

Gold Standard in Tooth Replacement

  Tooth loss can have profound effects on an individual’s self-esteem, oral health, and overall quality of life. Whether due to aging, trauma, or disease, missing teeth often require prompt and effective solutions. Over the years, numerous methods have been developed to restore lost teeth, but one solution continues to stand out in terms of longevity, function, and aesthetics: dental implants....

Novel Drill Design for Dental Implant Procedures

Advancements in dental implantology demand precision tools that are capable of accommodating the varying anatomical features of patients’ jaws. A key challenge in this field is ensuring that the drill used for implant placement accurately detects differences in bone quality while maintaining efficiency and safety. In response to this need, a novel drill system was proposed and tested to evaluate...

Understanding the Mechanism of the Drill and Impla...

[ ... ] Dental implants have revolutionized the field of restorative dentistry by providing a stable and durable solution for tooth loss. A critical aspect of the dental implant procedure is the preparation of the bone, which involves drilling a hole into the jawbone where the implant will be placed. This process requires precision and care to ensure the success of the implant while avoiding damag...

Magnetic Field Affecting Bone Healing (4)

After explaining the study's specifics, all patients provided written and informed consent. A medical questionnaire was used to collect a detailed history of the subjects, and a clinical oral examination was undertaken. Routine laboratory examinations were performed and documented for all individuals. Maxillary and mandibular full dentures were made for all patients 6 to 8 weeks prior to implant ...

Magnetic Field Affecting Bone Healing (3)

The purpose of this study was to see if a static magnetic field formed by employing safer magnets can help to promote osseointegration faster when the bone is injured during implant insertion. Because magnets are routinely employed in prosthetic dentistry for retention purposes, it is critical that we understand the tissue reaction to magnetic fields. The goal of this study was to compare the stab...

Magnetic Field Affecting Bone Healing (2)

Introduction Osseointegrated titanium dental implants are effectively utilized to repair both totally and partly edentulous individuals. One of the primary aims of implant dentistry and a prerequisite for clinical success is strong implant stability. Implant stability affects the healing and osseointegration processes. Patients' desire for a shorter treatment duration has led physicians to try lo...

Implant dentistry: complications (6)

Breakage of porcelain veneer In clinical dentistry, metal-ceramic restorations are the most prevalent kind. Patients' increasing aesthetic demands over time have prompted physicians to concentrate on all-ceramic restorations. Zirconia restorations show promise, and the material is even being utilized for direct veneering for screw-retained prostheses or for the fabrication of implant abutments fo...

Implant dentistry: complications (5)

Failure of cement Another effect of biomechanical stress is cement failure, which usually affects the prosthetic attachment and can be addressed with a recementation technique. Decementation has become far less common as a result of advances in material science, especially with regard to luting agents. To prevent such occurrences, however, meticulous treatment planning and adheren...

Implant dentistry: complications (4)

Fracture of Screw / Implant Biomechanical overloading and peri-implant vertical bone loss are the two main causes of implant breakage.When the vertical bone loss is significant enough to coincide with the screw's apical limit, the risk of implant breakage increases many times. Implant fractures can also result from defects in the implant's production and design. One risk factor for dental implant...

Implant dentistry: complications (3)

Complicationgs Relating to Dental Implants Numerous mechanical, biological, or technical issues can arise with implant-supported single crowns and multiple implant-supported bridges [Table 1]. One of the major variables that negatively contributes to implant dentistry failures is poor patient selection. Table 1. Difficulties relating to dental implants Complications M...

Fig. 10. Patient 1—post-operative evaluation of ...

Fig. 10. Patient 1—post-operative evaluation of placement accuracy of the implants in the mandible. Green is the planned position; blue is the actual position Fig. 10. Patient 1—post-operative evaluation of placement accuracy of the implants in the mandible. Green is the planned position; blue is the actual position

Fig. 9. Patient 1—prosthodontic end result 5 mo...

Fig. 9. Patient 1—prosthodontic end result 5 months after implant placement Fig. 9. Patient 1—prosthodontic end result 5 months after implant placement

Fig. 8. Patient 2—intra-oral situation during or...

Fig. 8. Patient 2—intra-oral situation during orthodontic treatment at the age of 14. A temporary crown with bracket is fixed on the dental implant. Eight months after start of orthodontic treatment, the 34 is already close to the planned end position Fig. 8. Patient 2—intra-oral situation during orthodontic treatment at the age of 14. A temporary crown with bracket is fixed on the dental...

Fig. 7. Patient 2—post-operative orthopantomogra...

Fig. 7. Patient 2—post-operative orthopantomogram (OPT) at age of 13. Situation 10 months after implant placement. Three months after starting the orthodontic treatment, the 34 is already erected Fig. 7. Patient 2—post-operative orthopantomogram (OPT) at age of 13. Situation 10 months after implant placement. Three months after starting the orthodontic treatment, the 34 is already erect...

Fig. 6. Patient 1—post-operative orthopantomogra...

Fig. 6. Patient 1—post-operative orthopantomogram (OPT) at age of 18 Fig. 6. Patient 1—post-operative orthopantomogram (OPT) at age of 18

Fig. 5. a Drilling templates of patient 1. Printed...

Fig. 5. he maxilla (left) and mandible (right) with drilling template and metal drilling inserts (Nobel biocare). b Drilling template for the mandible of patient 1. c Implant placement of patient 1. Dental implant placement in the mandible using the virtual developed tooth-supported templates and metal drilling inserts Fig. 5. a Drilling templates of patient 1. Printed model of the maxilla (l...

Fig. 4. a Patient 1—virtual set-up of the ultima...

Fig. 4. t goal. b Patient 2—virtual set-up of the ultimate implant position. One short dental implant was planned in region 35, based on the location of the mandibular nerve (orange), the impacted 34 (pink) and the bone quality and volume. c Patient 2—virtual set-up of the ultimate prosthetic treatment goal Fig. 4. a Patient 1—virtual set-up of the ultimate treatment goal. b Patient 2â€...

Fig. 3. a Patient 1—detailed 3D model of the com...

Fig. 3. e CBCT and intra-oral scan at age of 18. b Patient 2—detailed 3D model of the combined data from the CBCT and intra-oral scan at age of 12 Fig. 3. a Patient 1—detailed 3D model of the combined data from the CBCT and intra-oral scan at age of 18. b Patient 2—detailed 3D model of the combined data from the CBCT and intra-oral scan at age of 12

Fig. 2. a Patient 2—pre-implant orthopantomogram...

Fig. 2. uation before start of orthodontic and implant treatment. Eleven permanent teeth (including 2 third molars) were congenitally missing and the 34 is impacted. To erect the 34, orthodontic treatment was desired. Due to the lack of stable anchorages in the third quadrant, it was decided to place one implant at tooth region 35 for orthodontic anchorage and future prosthetics. Due to very lim...

Fig. 1. a Patient 1—orthopantomogram (OPT) at ag...

Fig. 1. osed deciduous teeth 55, 54, 65, 74, 75, 84, and 85 and start of orthodontic treatment. Eleven permanent teeth (including 4 third molars) were congenitally missing. b Patient 1—post-orthodontic situation at age of 16. The top of the mandibular processus alveolaris is small (upper). The interdental space at location of the second premolars in the maxilla is 7 and 14 mm at location of t...

Table 1 Accuracy data: Euclidian distances (ED, mm...

Patient Location implant (tooth nr) Shoulder Tip Axis X Y Z ED (mm) ...

About this article : Three-dimensional computer-gu...

Filius, M.A.P., Kraeima, J., Vissink, A. et al. Three-dimensional computer-guided implant placement in oligodontia. Int J Implant Dent 3, 30 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-017-0090-6 Download citation Received: 27 March 2017 Accepted: 22 June 2017 Published: 08 July 2017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-017-0090-6

Rights and permissions : Three-dimensional compute...

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were...

Ethics declarations : Three-dimensional computer-g...

This is not applicable as this research was an evaluation of routine dental care. Not applicable. Author Marieke Filius, Joep Kraeima, Arjan Vissink, Krista Janssen, Gerry Raghoebar and Anita Visser state that there are no conflicts of interest. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Author information : Three-dimensional computer-gu...

Correspondence to Anita Visser.

Author information : Three-dimensional computer-gu...

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands Marieke A. P. Filius, Joep Kraeima, Arjan Vissink, Gerry M. Raghoebar & Anita Visser Department of Orthodontics, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands K...

Acknowledgements : Three-dimensional computer-guid...

The authors like to sincerely thank all co-workers from the Department of Orthodontics, University Center Groningen, The Netherlands, for the potent collaboration during the treatment process. We also kindly thank native English speaker Jadzia Siemienski for critically reading our manuscript and making suggestions to improve the English. This research did not receive any specific grant from fund...

References : Three-dimensional computer-guided imp...

Schalk-van der Weide Y, Beemer FA, Faber JA, Bosman F. Symptomatology of patients with oligodontia. J Oral Rehabil. 1994;21:247–61. Filius MA, Cune MS, Raghoebar GM, Vissink A, Visser A. Prosthetic treatment outcome in patients with severe hypodontia: a systematic review. J Oral Rehabil. 2016;43:373–87. Shen P, Zhao J, Fan L, et al. Accuracy evaluation of computer-designed surgical guide tem...

Abbreviations : Three-dimensional computer-guided ...

(Cone beam) computer tomography Two-dimensional Three-dimensional Euclidian distances Orthopantomogram

Conclusion : Three-dimensional computer-guided imp...

This technical advanced article introduces a fully digitalized workflow for implant planning in complex oligodontia cases. The application of computer-designed surgical templates enables predictable implant placement in oligodontia, where bone quantity and limited interdental spaces can be challenging for implant placement. The stepwise approach described in this technical advanced article provide...

Discussion : Three-dimensional computer-guided imp...

This technical advanced article illustrated the benefit of a full three-dimensional virtual workflow to guide implant placement in oligodontia cases as well as that implants can be reliably placed at the planned positions with the technique proposed. The described full three-dimensional virtual workflow has several advantages. First, the surgeon is pre-operatively better informed about the requir...

Results : Three-dimensional computer-guided implan...

The surgical guides fitted well and facilitated implant placement. All implants were placed in the native bone. No dehiscences of the implant surface occurred. Post-operative orthopantomograms (OPT) of patients 1 and 2 are shown in Figs. 6 and 7. In patient 1, six implants were placed (NobelParallel Conical Connection implants, Nobel Biocare Holding AG, Zürich-Flughafen, Switzerland; Length 8.5...

Patient and methods : Three-dimensional computer-g...

After raising a mucoperiostal flap, the dental implants were placed using the virtual developed tooth-supported drilling templates using metal inserts (Fig. 5c). It was checked whether no dehiscences of the implant surface were present.

Patient and methods : Three-dimensional computer-g...

A CBCT (ICat, Image Sciences International, Hatfield, UK; 576 slices, voxel size 0.3 mm, FOV: 11 × 16 cm) was made of two oligodontia patients (for patient details, see Figs. 1 and 2) for implant planning. Detailed patient information was obtained with regard to the nerve position and bone quality and quantity. In addition, a digital intra-oral scan was made to get a detailed 3D image of t...

Introduction : Three-dimensional computer-guided i...

Oligodontia is the congenital absence of six or more permanent teeth, excluding third molars [1]. The need for oral rehabilitation in patients with oligodontia is high as they often suffer from functional and aesthetic problems due to a high number of missing teeth. Implant-based prosthodontics seem to be favourable to improve oral function and aesthetics in oligodontia [2]. Implant treatment in ...

Abstract : Three-dimensional computer-guided impla...

The aim of computer-designed surgical templates is to attain higher precision and accuracy of implant placement, particularly for compromised cases. The purpose of this study is to show the benefit of a full three-dimensional virtual workflow to guide implant placement in oligodontia cases where treatment is challenging due compromised bone quantity and limited interdental spaces. A full, digita...

Figure 10. Patient 1—post-operative evaluation o...

  Figure 10. Patient 1—post-operative evaluation of placement accuracy of the implants in the mandible. Green is the planned position; blue is the actual position

Figure 9. Patient 1—prosthodontic end result 5 m...

  Figure 9. Patient 1—prosthodontic end result 5 months after implant placement

Figure 8. Patient 2—intra-oral situation during ...

  Figure 8. Patient 2—intra-oral situation during orthodontic treatment at the age of 14. A temporary crown with bracket is fixed on the dental implant. Eight months after start of orthodontic treatment, the 34 is already close to the planned end position

Figure 7. Patient 2—post-operative orthopantomog...

  Figure 7. Patient 2—post-operative orthopantomogram (OPT) at age of 13. Situation 10 months after implant placement. Three months after starting the orthodontic treatment, the 34 is already erected

Figure 6. Patient 1—post-operative orthopantomog...

  Figure 6. Patient 1—post-operative orthopantomogram (OPT) at age of 18

Figure 5. a Drilling templates of patient 1

  Figure 5. a Drilling templates of patient 1. Printed model of the maxilla (left) and mandible (right) with drilling template and metal drilling inserts (Nobel biocare). b Drilling template for the mandible of patient 1. c Implant placement of patient 1. Dental implant placement in the mandible using the virtual developed tooth-supported templates and metal drilling inserts

Figure 4. a Patient 1—virtual set-up of the ult...

  Figure 4. a Patient 1—virtual set-up of the ultimate treatment goal. b Patient 2—virtual set-up of the ultimate implant position. One short dental implant was planned in region 35, based on the location of the mandibular nerve (orange), the impacted 34 (pink) and the bone quality and volume. c Patient 2—virtual set-up of the ultimate prosthetic treatment goal

Figure 3. a Patient 1—detailed 3D model of the ...

  Figure 3. a Patient 1—detailed 3D model of the combined data from the CBCT and intra-oral scan at age of 18. b Patient 2—detailed 3D model of the combined data from the CBCT and intra-oral scan at age of 12

Figure 2 a Patient 2—pre-implant orthopantomogr...

  Figure 2 a Patient 2—pre-implant orthopantomogram (OPG) at the age of 12. Situation before start of orthodontic and implant treatment. Eleven permanent teeth (including 2 third molars) were congenitally missing and the 34 is impacted. To erect the 34, orthodontic treatment was desired. Due to the lack of stable anchorages in the third quadrant, it was decided to place one implant at tooth...

Figure 1. Patient 1—orthopantomogram (OPT) at ag...

    Figure 1. a Patient 1—orthopantomogram (OPT) at age of 13. Situation before extraction of the ankylosed deciduous teeth 55, 54, 65, 74, 75, 84, and 85 and start of orthodontic treatment. Eleven permanent teeth (including 4 third molars) were congenitally missing. b Patient 1—post-orthodontic situation at age of 16. The top of the mandibular processus alveolaris is small (upper). T...

Results : Three-dimensional computer-guided implan...

Results Clinical and radiographic assessments The surgical guides fitted well and facilitated implant placement. All implants were placed in the native bone. No dehiscences of the implant surface occurred. Post-operative orthopantomograms (OPT) of patients 1 and 2 are shown in Figs. 6 and 7. In patient 1, six implants were placed (NobelParallel Conical Connection implants, Nobel Biocare Ho...

Methods : Three-dimensional computer-guided implan...

Patient and methods Implant planning and placement Pre-implant procedure and 3D planning A CBCT (ICat, Image Sciences International, Hatfield, UK; 576 slices, voxel size 0.3 mm, FOV: 11 × 16 cm) was made of two oligodontia patients (for patient details, see Figs. 1 and 2) for implant planning. Detailed patient information was obtained with regard to the nerve position and bone quality an...

Introduction : Three-dimensional computer-guided i...

Introduction Oligodontia is the congenital absence of six or more permanent teeth, excluding third molars [1]. The need for oral rehabilitation in patients with oligodontia is high as they often suffer from functional and aesthetic problems due to a high number of missing teeth. Implant-based prosthodontics seem to be favourable to improve oral function and aesthetics in oligodontia [2]. Impla...

Three-dimensional computer-guided implant placemen...

Three-dimensional computer-guided implant placement in oligodontia Abstract Background The aim of computer-designed surgical templates is to attain higher precision and accuracy of implant placement, particularly for compromised cases. Purpose The purpose of this study is to show the benefit of a full three-dimensional virtual workflow to guide implant placement in oligodontia cases where t...

Table : Partially limiting design

  author (y) material used for fabrication of the template radiographic marker used imaging system used conversion process indication/ advantages Engelman et al9 auto polymerizing acrylic resin metal bearings panoramic radiography remove lingual surface, leaving only facial surface of the teeth in the proposed implant site inexpensive, easy, improved visibility, external irr...

Conclusion : Types of Implant Surgical Guides in D...

Conclusion Although the completely limiting design is considered a far superior design concept, most clinicians still adopt the partially limiting design due to its cost-effectiveness and credibility in the field. In addition, it has been observed that most clinicians use surgical guide templates that are based on cross-sectional imaging to facilitate accurate planning and guidance during the sur...

CAD / CAM-based Surgical Guide : Types of Implant ...

CAD/CAM-based Surgical Guide CAD/CAM technology uses data from computerized tomography scan (CT)33 to plan implant rehabilitation. The CT images are converted into data that are recognized by a CT imaging and planning software. This software then transfers this presurgical plan to the surgery site using stereolithographic drill guides.34 CAD/CAM-based surgical guides offer many advantages. For e...

Completely Limiting Design : Types of Implant Surg...

Completely Limiting Design Completely limiting design restricts all of the instruments used for the osteotomy in a buccolingual and mesiodistal plane. Moreover, the addition of drill stops limits the depth of the preparation, and thus, the positioning of the prosthetic table of the implant. As the surgical guides become more restrictive, less of the decision-making and subsequent surgical executi...

Partially Limiting Design : Types of Implant Surgi...

In such designs, the first drill used for the osteotomy is directed using the surgical guide, and the remainder of the osteotomy and implant placement is then finished freehand by the surgeon.6 Techniques based on this design concept involve fabrication of a radiographic template, which is then converted into a surgical guide template following radiographic evaluation. Various authors have propos...

Nonlimiting Design : Types of Implant Surgical Gui...

Nonlimiting Design Nonlimiting designs only provide an indication to the surgeon as to where the proposed prosthesis is in relation to the selected implant site.6 This design indicates the ideal location of the implants without any emphasis on the angulation of the drill, thus allowing too much flexibility in the final positioning of the implant. Blustein et al7  and Engelman et al8 described...

Types of Implant Surgical Guides in Dentistry: A R...

Various techniques have been proposed for the fabrication of surgical guide templates in implant dentistry. The objective of this paper is to review the associated literature and recent advancements in this field, based on design concept. An electronic and hand search of the literature revealed 3 categories, namely, nonlimiting, partially limiting, and completely limiting design. Most clinicians s...