Fig. 6. Histomorphometric evaluation results (considering six sections for each biopsy), for newly formed bone, soft tissues, and others
Fig. 6. Histomorphometric evaluation results (considering six sections for each biopsy), for newly formed bone, soft tissues, and others
Fig. 5. Histomicrograph of a biopsy from the BC + EMD group, showing an aspect of newly formed bone. Section stained with picrosirius-hematoxylin and digitalized with bright-field (d) and linearly polarized light (e and f). e, f Results of near 45° section rotation (between axes B–B’ and C–C’) to compensate some of the orientation-related effects associated with linearly polarized l...
Fig. 4. Histomicrograph of a biopsy from the BC group, showing an aspect of newly formed bone. Section stained with picrosirius-hematoxylin and digitalized with bright-field (a) and linearly polarized light (b and c). b, c Results of near 45° section rotation (between axes B–B’ and C–C’) to compensate some of the orientation-related effects associated with linearly polarized light. In a...
Fig. 3. Histomicrograph of a biopsy from the BC + EMD group. Overview—×25 magnification; b ×30 magnification; c ×60 magnification. Areas corresponding to BC + EMD removed during histological processing (square) surrounded by newly formed bone (asterisk), with large numbers of osteocytes and soft tissue (arrow) can be observed. There is direct contact between the BC reminiscent, soft...
Fig. 2. Histomicrograph of a biopsy from the BC group. a Overview—×25 magnification; b ×30 magnification; c ×60 magnification. Areas corresponding to BC removed during histological processing (square) in direct contact with newly formed bone (asterisk), containing a large number of osteocytes, and with soft tissue (arrow) can be observed (hematoxylin-eosin stain)
Fig. 2. Histomicrograph ...
Fig. 1. Histomicrograph illustrating the various tissue areas measured on the sections: newly formed bone (green mask), soft tissues (purple mask), and “others”, including residual bone substitute particles and empty spaces either due to removal of the bone substitute particles during to the decalcification processing or due to artifacts (white mask)
Fig. 1. Histomicrograph illustrating t...
Nery, J.C., Pereira, L.A.V.D., Guimarães, G.F. et al. β-TCP/HA with or without enamel matrix proteins for maxillary sinus floor augmentation: a histomorphometric analysis of human biopsies.
Int J Implant Dent 3, 18 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-017-0080-8
Download citation
Received: 08 December 2016
Accepted: 22 April 2017
Published: 04 May 2017
DOI: https://do...
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were...
You can also search for this author in
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Correspondence to
James Carlos Nery.
Department of Implantology, São Leopoldo Mandic Research Center, Brasília, DF, Brazil
James Carlos Nery, George Furtado Guimarães & Fabiana Mantovani Gomes França
Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, UNICAMP – State University of Campinas, Institute of Biology, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
Luís Antônio Violin Dias Pereira
Department of Periodontology, UNESP – Univ. Estad...
Wikesjo UM, Sorensen RG, Kinoshita A, Wozney JM. RhBMP-2/alphaBSM induces significant vertical alveolar ridge augmentation and dental implant osseointegration. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2002;4:174–82.
Carinci F, Brunelli G, Franco M, Viscioni A, Rigo L, Guidi R, et al. A retrospective study on 287 implants installed in resorbed maxillae grafted with fresh frozen allogenous bone. Clin Implant...
Miron RJ, Sculean A, Cochran DL, Froum S, Zucchelli G, Nemcovsky C, et al. Twenty years of enamel matrix derivative: the past, the present and the future. J Clin Periodontol. 2016;43:668–83.
Sculean A, Nikolidakis D, Nikou G, Ivanovic A, Chapple IL, Stavropoulos A. Biomaterials for promoting periodontal regeneration in human intrabony defects: a systematic review. Periodontol 2000. 2015;68:182...
Esposito M, Felice P, Worthington HV. Interventions for replacing missing teeth: augmentation procedures of the maxillary sinus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;17:CD008397.
Jungner M, Cricchio G, Salata LA, Sennerby L, Lundqvist C, Hultcrantz M, et al. On the early mechanisms of bone formation after maxillary sinus membrane elevation: an experimental histological and immunohistochemical study. ...
The present study showed that maxillary sinus floor augmentation with BC resulted in adequate amounts of new bone formation allowing successful implant installation, while adding EMD did not have a significant effect.
Nevertheless, the amount of bone generated with BC or BC + EMD herein was adequate to support successful implant placement and osseointegration of implants. In fact, more or less similar amounts of bone formation have been reported in studies evaluating human sinus biopsies after grafting with a variety of biomaterials (bone formation ranging approximately from 30 to 50%) [19]. On the other ha...
The present study compared the histological and histomorphometrical outcome of healing after maxillary sinus floor augmentation with BC with or without EMD, based on human biopsies. The results showed that addition of EMD did not enhance the outcome of healing, neither in terms of quality nor quantity of new bone. Nevertheless, the amount of bone generated after maxillary sinus floor augmentation ...
All ten patients showed uneventful healing after the sinus floor augmentation procedure as well as after dental implant placement, with no overt postoperative inflammation or infection. Consistently, in all ten patients, no significant jiggling of the drill was noticed during biopsy harvesting, while subjective drilling resistance during implant placement was similar in both groups and all implant...
The data for each tissue component from the three histological sections were averaged to represent the biopsy. Commercially available software (GraphPad Prism 5.0 for Windows, GraphPad Software Inc., USA) was utilized for statistical comparisons between groups and for drawing the graphics. The assumption of normality was checked using D’Agostino & Pearson omnibus test. The data for each evaluate...
Six months after grafting, another CBCT examination was carried out for implant planning. In the sequence, following the previously described antiseptic and anesthetic procedures, two implants with a sand-blasted and acid etching surface were installed in each of the grafted sinuses, i.e., 40 implants in total (32—Neoporous, Neodent, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; 8—SLA, Straumann, Basel, Switzerl...
This research project was approved by the Ethics Committee of the School of Dentistry and Dental Research Center São Leopoldo Mandic, Brazil, under the protocol 2010/0360.
Ten consecutive patients (age range 35–75 years) with the need of bilateral maxillary sinus floor augmentation prior to the placement of four dental implants (two in each side of posterior maxilla) were selected for the stu...
The aim of the present study was to compare histomorphometrically the outcome of maxillary sinus floor augmentation with β-TCP/HA with or without enamel matrix proteins (BC + EMD and EMD, respectively) in humans.
Reconstruction of the edentulous and severely atrophied posterior maxilla is often performed by means of maxillary sinus floor augmentation in combination with dental implants [1, 2]. Various bone graft materials are typically used for enhancing bone formation within the sinus cavity; autogenous bone (AB) is considered as the gold standard due to its osteogenic, osteoinductive, and osteoconductive...
It is still unclear whether enamel matrix proteins (EMD) as adjunct to bone grafting enhance bone healing. This study compared histomorphometrically maxillary sinus floor augmentation (MSFA) with β-TCP/HA in combination with or without EMD in humans.
In ten systemically healthy patients needing bilateral MSFA, one side was randomly treated using β-TCP/HA mixed with EMD (BC + EMD) and the ot...
Fig. 6. Histomorphometric evaluation results (considering six sections for each biopsy), for newly formed bone, soft tissues, and others
Fig. 6. Histomorphometric evaluation results (considering six sections for each biopsy), for newly formed bone, soft tissues, and others
Fig. 5. Histomicrograph of a biopsy from the BC + EMD group, showing an aspect of newly formed bone. Section stained with picrosirius-hematoxylin and digitalized with bright-field (d) and linearly polarized light (e and f). e, f Results of near 45° section rotation (between axes B–B’ and C–C’) to compensate some of the orientation-related effects associated with linearly polarized l...
Fig. 4. Histomicrograph of a biopsy from the BC group, showing an aspect of newly formed bone. Section stained with picrosirius-hematoxylin and digitalized with bright-field (a) and linearly polarized light (b and c). b, c Results of near 45° section rotation (between axes B–B’ and C–C’) to compensate some of the orientation-related effects associated with linearly polarized light. In a...
Fig. 3. Histomicrograph of a biopsy from the BC + EMD group. Overview—×25 magnification; b ×30 magnification; c ×60 magnification. Areas corresponding to BC + EMD removed during histological processing (square) surrounded by newly formed bone (asterisk), with large numbers of osteocytes and soft tissue (arrow) can be observed. There is direct contact between the BC reminiscent, soft...
Fig. 2. Histomicrograph of a biopsy from the BC group. a Overview—×25 magnification; b ×30 magnification; c ×60 magnification. Areas corresponding to BC removed during histological processing (square) in direct contact with newly formed bone (asterisk), containing a large number of osteocytes, and with soft tissue (arrow) can be observed (hematoxylin-eosin stain)
Fig. 2. Histomicrograph ...
Fig. 1. Histomicrograph illustrating the various tissue areas measured on the sections: newly formed bone (green mask), soft tissues (purple mask), and “others”, including residual bone substitute particles and empty spaces either due to removal of the bone substitute particles during to the decalcification processing or due to artifacts (white mask)
Fig. 1. Histomicrograph illustrating t...
Nery, J.C., Pereira, L.A.V.D., Guimarães, G.F. et al. β-TCP/HA with or without enamel matrix proteins for maxillary sinus floor augmentation: a histomorphometric analysis of human biopsies.
Int J Implant Dent 3, 18 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-017-0080-8
Download citation
Received: 08 December 2016
Accepted: 22 April 2017
Published: 04 May 2017
DOI: https://do...
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were...
You can also search for this author in
PubMed Google Scholar
Correspondence to
James Carlos Nery.
Department of Implantology, São Leopoldo Mandic Research Center, Brasília, DF, Brazil
James Carlos Nery, George Furtado Guimarães & Fabiana Mantovani Gomes França
Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, UNICAMP – State University of Campinas, Institute of Biology, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
Luís Antônio Violin Dias Pereira
Department of Periodontology, UNESP – Univ. Estad...
Wikesjo UM, Sorensen RG, Kinoshita A, Wozney JM. RhBMP-2/alphaBSM induces significant vertical alveolar ridge augmentation and dental implant osseointegration. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2002;4:174–82.
Carinci F, Brunelli G, Franco M, Viscioni A, Rigo L, Guidi R, et al. A retrospective study on 287 implants installed in resorbed maxillae grafted with fresh frozen allogenous bone. Clin Implant...
Miron RJ, Sculean A, Cochran DL, Froum S, Zucchelli G, Nemcovsky C, et al. Twenty years of enamel matrix derivative: the past, the present and the future. J Clin Periodontol. 2016;43:668–83.
Sculean A, Nikolidakis D, Nikou G, Ivanovic A, Chapple IL, Stavropoulos A. Biomaterials for promoting periodontal regeneration in human intrabony defects: a systematic review. Periodontol 2000. 2015;68:182...
Esposito M, Felice P, Worthington HV. Interventions for replacing missing teeth: augmentation procedures of the maxillary sinus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;17:CD008397.
Jungner M, Cricchio G, Salata LA, Sennerby L, Lundqvist C, Hultcrantz M, et al. On the early mechanisms of bone formation after maxillary sinus membrane elevation: an experimental histological and immunohistochemical study. ...
The present study showed that maxillary sinus floor augmentation with BC resulted in adequate amounts of new bone formation allowing successful implant installation, while adding EMD did not have a significant effect.
Nevertheless, the amount of bone generated with BC or BC + EMD herein was adequate to support successful implant placement and osseointegration of implants. In fact, more or less similar amounts of bone formation have been reported in studies evaluating human sinus biopsies after grafting with a variety of biomaterials (bone formation ranging approximately from 30 to 50%) [19]. On the other ha...
The present study compared the histological and histomorphometrical outcome of healing after maxillary sinus floor augmentation with BC with or without EMD, based on human biopsies. The results showed that addition of EMD did not enhance the outcome of healing, neither in terms of quality nor quantity of new bone. Nevertheless, the amount of bone generated after maxillary sinus floor augmentation ...
All ten patients showed uneventful healing after the sinus floor augmentation procedure as well as after dental implant placement, with no overt postoperative inflammation or infection. Consistently, in all ten patients, no significant jiggling of the drill was noticed during biopsy harvesting, while subjective drilling resistance during implant placement was similar in both groups and all implant...
The data for each tissue component from the three histological sections were averaged to represent the biopsy. Commercially available software (GraphPad Prism 5.0 for Windows, GraphPad Software Inc., USA) was utilized for statistical comparisons between groups and for drawing the graphics. The assumption of normality was checked using D’Agostino & Pearson omnibus test. The data for each evaluate...
Six months after grafting, another CBCT examination was carried out for implant planning. In the sequence, following the previously described antiseptic and anesthetic procedures, two implants with a sand-blasted and acid etching surface were installed in each of the grafted sinuses, i.e., 40 implants in total (32—Neoporous, Neodent, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; 8—SLA, Straumann, Basel, Switzerl...
This research project was approved by the Ethics Committee of the School of Dentistry and Dental Research Center São Leopoldo Mandic, Brazil, under the protocol 2010/0360.
Ten consecutive patients (age range 35–75 years) with the need of bilateral maxillary sinus floor augmentation prior to the placement of four dental implants (two in each side of posterior maxilla) were selected for the stu...
The aim of the present study was to compare histomorphometrically the outcome of maxillary sinus floor augmentation with β-TCP/HA with or without enamel matrix proteins (BC + EMD and EMD, respectively) in humans.
Reconstruction of the edentulous and severely atrophied posterior maxilla is often performed by means of maxillary sinus floor augmentation in combination with dental implants [1, 2]. Various bone graft materials are typically used for enhancing bone formation within the sinus cavity; autogenous bone (AB) is considered as the gold standard due to its osteogenic, osteoinductive, and osteoconductive...
It is still unclear whether enamel matrix proteins (EMD) as adjunct to bone grafting enhance bone healing. This study compared histomorphometrically maxillary sinus floor augmentation (MSFA) with β-TCP/HA in combination with or without EMD in humans.
In ten systemically healthy patients needing bilateral MSFA, one side was randomly treated using β-TCP/HA mixed with EMD (BC + EMD) and the ot...
Nery, J.C., Pereira, L.A.V.D., Guimarães, G.F. et al. β-TCP/HA with or without enamel matrix proteins for maxillary sinus floor augmentation: a histomorphometric analysis of human biopsies.
Int J Implant Dent 3, 18 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-017-0080-8
Download citation
Received: 08 December 2016
Accepted: 22 April 2017
Published: 04 May 2017
DOI: https://do...
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were...
You can also search for this author in
PubMed Google Scholar
Correspondence to
James Carlos Nery.
Department of Implantology, São Leopoldo Mandic Research Center, Brasília, DF, Brazil
James Carlos Nery, George Furtado Guimarães & Fabiana Mantovani Gomes França
Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, UNICAMP – State University of Campinas, Institute of Biology, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
Luís Antônio Violin Dias Pereira
Department of Periodontology, UNESP – Univ. Estad...
Wikesjo UM, Sorensen RG, Kinoshita A, Wozney JM. RhBMP-2/alphaBSM induces significant vertical alveolar ridge augmentation and dental implant osseointegration. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2002;4:174–82.
Carinci F, Brunelli G, Franco M, Viscioni A, Rigo L, Guidi R, et al. A retrospective study on 287 implants installed in resorbed maxillae grafted with fresh frozen allogenous bone. Clin Implant...
Miron RJ, Sculean A, Cochran DL, Froum S, Zucchelli G, Nemcovsky C, et al. Twenty years of enamel matrix derivative: the past, the present and the future. J Clin Periodontol. 2016;43:668–83.
Sculean A, Nikolidakis D, Nikou G, Ivanovic A, Chapple IL, Stavropoulos A. Biomaterials for promoting periodontal regeneration in human intrabony defects: a systematic review. Periodontol 2000. 2015;68:182...
Esposito M, Felice P, Worthington HV. Interventions for replacing missing teeth: augmentation procedures of the maxillary sinus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;17:CD008397.
Jungner M, Cricchio G, Salata LA, Sennerby L, Lundqvist C, Hultcrantz M, et al. On the early mechanisms of bone formation after maxillary sinus membrane elevation: an experimental histological and immunohistochemical study. ...
The present study showed that maxillary sinus floor augmentation with BC resulted in adequate amounts of new bone formation allowing successful implant installation, while adding EMD did not have a significant effect.
Nevertheless, the amount of bone generated with BC or BC + EMD herein was adequate to support successful implant placement and osseointegration of implants. In fact, more or less similar amounts of bone formation have been reported in studies evaluating human sinus biopsies after grafting with a variety of biomaterials (bone formation ranging approximately from 30 to 50%) [19]. On the other ha...
The present study compared the histological and histomorphometrical outcome of healing after maxillary sinus floor augmentation with BC with or without EMD, based on human biopsies. The results showed that addition of EMD did not enhance the outcome of healing, neither in terms of quality nor quantity of new bone. Nevertheless, the amount of bone generated after maxillary sinus floor augmentation ...
All ten patients showed uneventful healing after the sinus floor augmentation procedure as well as after dental implant placement, with no overt postoperative inflammation or infection. Consistently, in all ten patients, no significant jiggling of the drill was noticed during biopsy harvesting, while subjective drilling resistance during implant placement was similar in both groups and all implant...
The data for each tissue component from the three histological sections were averaged to represent the biopsy. Commercially available software (GraphPad Prism 5.0 for Windows, GraphPad Software Inc., USA) was utilized for statistical comparisons between groups and for drawing the graphics. The assumption of normality was checked using D’Agostino & Pearson omnibus test. The data for each evaluate...
Six months after grafting, another CBCT examination was carried out for implant planning. In the sequence, following the previously described antiseptic and anesthetic procedures, two implants with a sand-blasted and acid etching surface were installed in each of the grafted sinuses, i.e., 40 implants in total (32—Neoporous, Neodent, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; 8—SLA, Straumann, Basel, Switzerl...
This research project was approved by the Ethics Committee of the School of Dentistry and Dental Research Center São Leopoldo Mandic, Brazil, under the protocol 2010/0360.
Ten consecutive patients (age range 35–75 years) with the need of bilateral maxillary sinus floor augmentation prior to the placement of four dental implants (two in each side of posterior maxilla) were selected for the stu...
The aim of the present study was to compare histomorphometrically the outcome of maxillary sinus floor augmentation with β-TCP/HA with or without enamel matrix proteins (BC + EMD and EMD, respectively) in humans.
Reconstruction of the edentulous and severely atrophied posterior maxilla is often performed by means of maxillary sinus floor augmentation in combination with dental implants [1, 2]. Various bone graft materials are typically used for enhancing bone formation within the sinus cavity; autogenous bone (AB) is considered as the gold standard due to its osteogenic, osteoinductive, and osteoconductive...
It is still unclear whether enamel matrix proteins (EMD) as adjunct to bone grafting enhance bone healing. This study compared histomorphometrically maxillary sinus floor augmentation (MSFA) with β-TCP/HA in combination with or without EMD in humans.
In ten systemically healthy patients needing bilateral MSFA, one side was randomly treated using β-TCP/HA mixed with EMD (BC + EMD) and the ot...
Ameloblas banyak sekali mensekresikan matriks protein enamel seperti ameloblastin, amelogenin, enamelin, dan tuftelin. Ada banyak penelitian yang telah dilakukan oleh para peneliti dari berbagai negara yang ditujukan untuk menyelidiki peran dalam pembentukan enamel oleh ameloblastin.Ameloblastin tersedia berlimpah ruah dalam enamel dewasa selama tahap pembentukan matriks. Ameloblastin diidentif...
(Lanjutan) Analisis histologis dari flap koronal maju ditambah EMD dikompromikan karena pasca operasi fenestrasi flap diberikan takik referensi penggunaan-kurang. (Meskipun disayangkan, tidak adanya referensi takik tidaklah aneh;. Sekitar 50% dari evaluasi histologis graft penutupan akar yang dilaporkan dalam literatur kurangnya memiliki referensi soal takik). Tanpa titik referensi, peneliti tida...
(Lanjutan) Tidak ada perbedaan signifikan secara statistik pada persentase penutupan akar yang diperoleh antara kontrol dan kelompok uji pada purna 12 bulan. Dari permukaan akar diobati dengan graft jaringan ikat subepitel, 93,8% ditutupi, sedangkan 95,1% dari permukaan akar diobati dengan flap ditambah koronal maju EMD tertutup. Kedua uji dan kelompok kontrol menunjukkan sebuah keuntungan rata-r...
Salah satu contoh purwa dari penggunaan biomimetika dalam bidang kedokteran gigi adalah sekuens peristiwa yang terjadi setelah derivasi matriks enamel (EMD) diterapkan pada permukaan akar untuk meningkatkan repopulasi sel secara selektif selama tahap purwa penyembuhan periodontal. Berbagai laporan menunjukkan bahwa EMD meningkatkan proliferasi, diferensiasi, dan migrasi sel-sel osteoblas dan ...
Enameloplasty adalah prosedur kosmetik membentuk ulang atau mengkontur ulang lapisan enamel gigi. Enameloplasty digunakan antara lain dalam persiapan pemasangan veneer gigi.Enameloplasty dilakukan pada pasien yang:Giginya sedikit terkelupas, tidak rata, ada bagian yang meruncing, atau ada benjolan kecil di enamel. Masalah ini mungkin terjadi karena sejumlah alasan seperti menggigit benda keras,...
Gigi sensitif bisa dikarnakan oleh faktor genetika atau faktor keturunan. Ada beberapa penyakit genetika yang menyebabkan gigi sensitif. Di sini kita akan membahas tentang hipoplasia enamel, penyakit keturunan yang membuat gigi jadi sensitif.Hipoplasia enamel adalah kerusakan gigi yang dicirikan dengan defisiensi pembentukan enamel. Gigi yang terkena hipoplasia enamel jadi berwarna coklat dan kuni...
Gigi manusia terdiri dari 4 lapisan, yaitu:enameldentinsementumpulpaDi antara 4 lapisan ini, enamel merupakan lapisan yang paling keras. Lapisan ini terlihat dengan mata telanjang karena berada pada bagian paling luar gigi dan melindungi lapisan-lapisan lain agar tidak rusak.Enamel mengandung 96% mineral. Persentase sisanya terdiri dari air dan zat-zat organik. Mineral utama penyusun gigi sama ...
Infraksi enamel adalah retakan mikro dangkal yang terlihat pada enamel gigi. Retakan tidak mencapai bagian dentin, hanya sampai bagian enamel saja. Terdapat risiko yang sangat kecil untuk terjadinya inflamasi atau nekrosis pulpa.Infraksi enamel lebih sering ditemukan pada pasien berusia lanjut bila dibandingkan dengan pasien muda. Ini mungkin dikarnakan akumulasi benturan yang dialami oleh ename...
Fraktur enamel-dentin-pulpa dikenal dalam bahasa sehari-hari sebagai "gigi patah". Fraktur macem ini melibatkan hilangnya struktur gigi hingga bagian email dan dentin, serta membuat bagian pulpa jadi terbuka. Penyebab gigi patah biasanya adalah benturan dengan benda keras.Tanda visualTanda visual yang tampak jelas adalah gigi patah cukup panjang hingga mencapai bagian enamel dan dentin dan membu...
Gigi gumpil dikenal dalam jagat ilmiah dengan sebutan "fraktur enamel" atau "fraktur email". Fraktur pada gigi gumpil terbatas pada enamel saja dengan disertai hilangnya struktur gigi. Gumpil biasanya terjadi karena gigi berbenturan dengan benda keras, misalnya, menggigit tulang atau kerikil kala makan atau pasien terjatuh dan gigi terantuk batu.Tanda DiagnostikTanda visualAda enamel yang terliha...
Peristiwa cedera gigi bukan prakara yang langka terjadi. Sekitar 50% anak-anak dan remaja mengalami cedera gigi sebelum berusia 18 tahun. Hampir seluruh cedera tersebut terjadi dalam masa remaja pada gigi dewasa. Umumnya cedera gigi terjadi pada gigi seri tengah. Trauma gigi pada umumnya diderita oleh laki-laki dengan perbandingan laki-laki banding perempuan hampir sebanyak 2:1. Hal ini terlih...
Lapisan luar gigi manusia, yaitu enamel, sebetulnya sangat keras, namun prakara itu tidak berarti lapisan itu kebal dari pengikisan atau erosi. Penyebab utama erosi gigi adalah asam.
Definisi
Erosi gigi adalah penipisan enamel gigi yang dikarnakan oleh zat asam. Apabila lapisan ini habis, maka lapisan dentin yang ada di bawah lapisan enamel akan terbuka. Dentin itu sensitif. Makanan at...