Fig. 4. Relative fluorescence intensities (rfi) of S. epidermidis (a) and S. sanguinis (b) on titanium and ceramic implant surfaces with different grades of roughness and hydrophobicity (means and standard deviations)
Fig. 4. Relative fluorescence intensities (rfi) of S. epidermidis (a) and S. sanguinis (b) on titanium and ceramic implant surfaces with different grades of roughness and hydrop...
Fig. 3. Relative fluorescence intensities (rfi) of S. epidermidis (a) and S. sanguinis (b) on titanium and ceramic implant surfaces with different grades of roughness (means and standard deviations)
Fig. 3. Relative fluorescence intensities (rfi) of S. epidermidis (a) and S. sanguinis (b) on titanium and ceramic implant surfaces with different grades of roughness (means and standard deviation...
tanium (TiSMOOTH); scan sizes are 30 μm in a and 1 μm in b
Fig. 2. Comparison of AFM surface profiles of rough ceramic (CeROUGH), smooth ceramic (CeSMOOTH), rough titanium (TiROUGH), and smooth titanium (TiSMOOTH); scan sizes are 30 μm in a and 1 μm in b
Fig. 1. AFM images for 30 μm × 30 μm (a–d) and 3 μm × 3 μm scan areas (e–h) of rough ceramic (a, e), smooth ceramic (b, f), rough titanium (c, g), and smooth titanium (d, h)
Fig. 1. AFM images for 30 μm × 30 μm (a–d) and 3 μm × 3 μm scan areas (e–h) of rough ceramic (a, e), smooth ceramic (b, f), rough titanium (c, g), and smooth titanium (d, h)
NoneTable 1 Arithmetic average of surface roughness R
a
(means and standard deviations [μm]) and wettability (means and standard deviations [°]) of the ten tested material
Wassmann, T., Kreis, S., Behr, M. et al. The influence of surface texture and wettability on initial bacterial adhesion on titanium and zirconium oxide dental implants.
Int J Implant Dent 3, 32 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-017-0093-3
Download citation
Received: 07 March 2017
Accepted: 28 June 2017
Published: 17 July 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-017-0...
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were...
Ethical approval was not required.
The authors Torsten Wassmann, Stefan Kreis, Michael Behr, and Ralf Buergers declare that they have no competing interests.
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Present address: Department of Prosthodontics, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
Torsten Wassmann & Ralf Buergers
Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Regensburg University Medical Centre, Regensburg, Germany
Stefan Kreis, Michael Behr & Ralf Buergers
You can also search for this author in
PubMed Google Schola...
The great support of Juri Allerdings and the skilled technical assistance of Gerlinde Held and Marlene Rosendahl are gratefully acknowledged.
The study has been funded solely by the institutions of the authors.
Drake DR, Paul J, Keller JC. Primary bacterial adhesion of implant surfaces. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1999;14:226–32.
Lim YJ, Oshida Y. Initial contact angle measurements on variously treated dental/medical titanium materials. Biomed Mater Eng. 2001;11:325–41.
Steinberg D, Sela MN, Klinger A, Kohavi D. Adhesion of periodontal bacteria to titanium and titanium alloy powders. Clin Oral ...
Quirynen M, De Soete M, van Steenberghe D. Infectious risks for oral implants: a review of the literature. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2002;13:1–19.
Weerkamp AH, Uyen HM, Busscher HJ. Effect of zeta potential and surface energy on bacterial adhesion to uncoated and saliva-coated human enamel and dentin. J Dent Res. 1988;67:1483–7.
Barbour ME, O’Sullivan DJ, Jenkinson HF, Jagger DC. The effects...
Quirynen M, Bollen CM, Papaioannou W, Van Eldere J, van Steenberghe D. The influence of titanium abutment surface roughness on plaque accumulation and gingivitis: short-term observations. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1996;11:169–78.
Hannig M. Transmission electron microscopy of early plaque formation on dental materials in vivo. Eur J Oral Sci. 1999;107:55–64.
Quirynen M, van der Mei HC, ...
An YH, Friedman RJ. Concise review of mechanisms of bacterial adhesion to biomaterial surfaces. J Biomed Mater Res. 1998;43:338–48.
Palmquist A, Omar OM, Esposito M, Lausmaa J, Thomsen P. Titanium oral implants: surface characteristics, interface biology and clinical outcome. J R Soc Interface. 2010;7:515–27.
Hannig C, Hannig M. The oral cavity—a key system to understand substratum-depende...
Poon CY, Bhushan B. Comparison of surface roughness measurements by stylus profiler, AFM and non-contact profiler. Wear. 1995;190:76–88.
Hahnel S, Rosentritt M, Handel G, Bürgers R. Surface characterization of dental ceramics and initial streptococcal adhesion in vitro. Dent Mater. 2009;25:969–75.
Abrahamsson I, Berglundh T, Lindhe J. Soft tissue response to plaque formation at different im...
Within the limitations of an in vitro study, our results indicate that surface roughness as well as wettability may influence the adhesion properties of bacteria on implant surfaces. Furthermore, the predominant factor for adhesion depends on the bacterial species itself. Zirconia implant material did not show any lower bacterial colonization potential than titanium. The influence of substratum ma...
In vivo biofilm models with multi-species biofilms offer the opportunity to evaluate materials in simulated clinical conditions including composite plaque, salivary pellicle, and removal forces [18]. Although the understanding of oral biofilms and the influence of surface characteristics on microbial accumulation has increased, significant gaps in the fundamental knowledge about the formation and ...
Besides surface roughness and morphology, the hydrophobicity and surface free energy (SFE) of an implant surface are known to influence bacterial adhesion [42, 43]. Physico-chemical interactions (non-specific) are composed of van der Waals forces, electrostatic interactions, and acid-based interactions, which in turn define the surface free energy of a substratum [44]. The surface free energy can ...
In the present study, sandblasting (with 50 or 250 μm aluminum trioxide) resulted in significant increases of R
a
on titanium and ceramic surfaces. These R
a
values were higher than those for commercially available implant abutments (observed to range from 0.10 to 0.30 μm) [35]. According to the classification by Albrektsson and Wennerberg, smooth ceramic and titanium materials and t...
Besides, the surface material itself and its chemical composition, surface roughness, and hydrophobicity have a crucial influence on the accumulation of microorganisms. In most previous studies on bacterial adhesion on titanium and ceramic surfaces, the quantity of bacterial adhesion showed a direct positive correlation with surface roughness [4, 10, 18, 24,25,26]. In case of interacting surface r...
The problems involved in osseous healing of dental implants appear to be largely solved. Biofilm formation on exposed implant and abutment surfaces, however, is a fortiori crucial for the long-term therapeutic success of an implant, because biofilms are the most frequent cause of peri-implantitis and implant loss [3,4,5,6,7]. Consequently, new implant surface modifications with reduced properties ...
In general, significantly more S. sanguinis adhered to ceramic surfaces than to titanium surfaces (p  0.05 for all comparisons). On ceramic surfaces (smooth ceramic 4668 ± 1562 rfu; medium ceramic 5590 ± 1493 rfu, rough ceramic 6875 ± 428 rfu), higher surface roughness led to increased S. sanguinis adhesion (p  0.05 for all comparisons). A comparison of rough and smooth s...
The median surface roughness values (R
a
) of each material group (n = 10) tested are shown in Table 1. The differences in R
a
between rough, medium, and smooth specimens were statistically significant for ceramic as well as for titanium (p 
Ten specimens of each material group tested were investigated. As control references, we used the fluorescence values of pure phosphate-buffered saline (0-control), buffer and CytoX-Violet (dye-control), and pure bacterial solution (bacteria-control).
All calculations and graphic displays were done with SPSS 16.0 for Windows (SPSS Corporation, Chicago, IL, USA). Means and standard deviations for ...
Three-dimensional images of rough and smooth implant surfaces were obtained by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM) using the tapping mode scan of an AFM VEECO machine (Plainview, USA); this method was also used to determine the surface topography. We scanned several randomly selected areas measuring either 3 μm × 3 μm or 30 μm × 30 μm for each of the test groups and sterilized...
In this study, we assessed two different implant materials in the form of round specimens (each measuring 5.0 mm in diameter and 1.0 mm in thickness, see Table 1). Half of the specimens were made of grade 1 pure titanium (Mechanische Werkstatt Biologie, University of Regensburg, Germany) and the other half of zirconia ceramic (IPS e.max ZirCAD; Ivoclar Vivadent, Ellwangen, Germany). The grade o...
The aim of the present in vitro study was to investigate bacterial adhesion (by means of the test species Streptococcus sanguinis and Staphylococcus epidermidis) on ten different titanium and zirconia implant surfaces. Surface texture and wettability were modified in well-defined patterns to correlate these surface properties with the amount of initially adhering bacteria and to define the predomi...
Dental implants are one of the most frequently used treatment options for the replacement of missing teeth. The oral microflora and its dynamic interactions with the implant substrata seem to crucially influence the long-term success or failure of dental implants [1,2,3,4,5,6]. As soon as implant surfaces are exposed to the human oral cavity, they are immediately colonized by microorganisms [7, 8]...
This study aims to investigate bacterial adhesion on different titanium and ceramic implant surfaces, to correlate these findings with surface roughness and surface hydrophobicity, and to define the predominant factor for bacterial adhesion for each material.
Zirconia and titanium specimens with different surface textures and wettability (5.0Â mm in diameter, 1.0Â mm in height) were prepared. Sur...
Fig. 4. Relative fluorescence intensities (rfi) of S. epidermidis (a) and S. sanguinis (b) on titanium and ceramic implant surfaces with different grades of roughness and hydrophobicity (means and standard deviations)
Fig. 4. Relative fluorescence intensities (rfi) of S. epidermidis (a) and S. sanguinis (b) on titanium and ceramic implant surfaces with different grades of roughness and hydrop...
Fig. 3. Relative fluorescence intensities (rfi) of S. epidermidis (a) and S. sanguinis (b) on titanium and ceramic implant surfaces with different grades of roughness (means and standard deviations)
Fig. 3. Relative fluorescence intensities (rfi) of S. epidermidis (a) and S. sanguinis (b) on titanium and ceramic implant surfaces with different grades of roughness (means and standard deviation...
GH), and smooth titanium (TiSMOOTH); scan sizes are 30 μm in a and 1 μm in b
Fig. 2. Comparison of AFM surface profiles of rough ceramic (CeROUGH), smooth ceramic (CeSMOOTH), rough titanium (TiROUGH), and smooth titanium (TiSMOOTH); scan sizes are 30 μm in a and 1 μm in b
Fig. 1. AFM images for 30 μm × 30 μm (a–d) and 3 μm × 3 μm scan areas (e–h) of rough ceramic (a, e), smooth ceramic (b, f), rough titanium (c, g), and smooth titanium (d, h)
Fig. 1. AFM images for 30 μm × 30 μm (a–d) and 3 μm × 3 μm scan areas (e–h) of rough ceramic (a, e), smooth ceramic (b, f), rough titanium (c, g), and smooth titanium (d, h)
NoneTable 1 Arithmetic average of surface roughness R
a
(means and standard deviations [μm]) and wettability (means and standard deviations [°]) of the ten tested material
Wassmann, T., Kreis, S., Behr, M. et al. The influence of surface texture and wettability on initial bacterial adhesion on titanium and zirconium oxide dental implants.
Int J Implant Dent 3, 32 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-017-0093-3
Download citation
Received: 07 March 2017
Accepted: 28 June 2017
Published: 17 July 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-017-0...
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were...
Ethical approval was not required.
The authors Torsten Wassmann, Stefan Kreis, Michael Behr, and Ralf Buergers declare that they have no competing interests.
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Present address: Department of Prosthodontics, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
Torsten Wassmann & Ralf Buergers
Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Regensburg University Medical Centre, Regensburg, Germany
Stefan Kreis, Michael Behr & Ralf Buergers
You can also search for this author in
PubMed Google Schola...
The great support of Juri Allerdings and the skilled technical assistance of Gerlinde Held and Marlene Rosendahl are gratefully acknowledged.
The study has been funded solely by the institutions of the authors.
Drake DR, Paul J, Keller JC. Primary bacterial adhesion of implant surfaces. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1999;14:226–32.
Lim YJ, Oshida Y. Initial contact angle measurements on variously treated dental/medical titanium materials. Biomed Mater Eng. 2001;11:325–41.
Steinberg D, Sela MN, Klinger A, Kohavi D. Adhesion of periodontal bacteria to titanium and titanium alloy powders. Clin Oral ...
Quirynen M, De Soete M, van Steenberghe D. Infectious risks for oral implants: a review of the literature. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2002;13:1–19.
Weerkamp AH, Uyen HM, Busscher HJ. Effect of zeta potential and surface energy on bacterial adhesion to uncoated and saliva-coated human enamel and dentin. J Dent Res. 1988;67:1483–7.
Barbour ME, O’Sullivan DJ, Jenkinson HF, Jagger DC. The effects...
Quirynen M, Bollen CM, Papaioannou W, Van Eldere J, van Steenberghe D. The influence of titanium abutment surface roughness on plaque accumulation and gingivitis: short-term observations. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1996;11:169–78.
Hannig M. Transmission electron microscopy of early plaque formation on dental materials in vivo. Eur J Oral Sci. 1999;107:55–64.
Quirynen M, van der Mei HC, ...
An YH, Friedman RJ. Concise review of mechanisms of bacterial adhesion to biomaterial surfaces. J Biomed Mater Res. 1998;43:338–48.
Palmquist A, Omar OM, Esposito M, Lausmaa J, Thomsen P. Titanium oral implants: surface characteristics, interface biology and clinical outcome. J R Soc Interface. 2010;7:515–27.
Hannig C, Hannig M. The oral cavity—a key system to understand substratum-depende...
Poon CY, Bhushan B. Comparison of surface roughness measurements by stylus profiler, AFM and non-contact profiler. Wear. 1995;190:76–88.Hahnel S, Rosentritt M, Handel G, Bürgers R. Surface characterization of dental ceramics and initial streptococcal adhesion in vitro. Dent Mater. 2009;25:969–75.Abrahamsson I, Berglundh T, Lindhe J. Soft tissue response to plaque formation at different implan...
Poon CY, Bhushan B. Comparison of surface roughness measurements by stylus profiler, AFM and non-contact profiler. Wear. 1995;190:76–88.
Hahnel S, Rosentritt M, Handel G, Bürgers R. Surface characterization of dental ceramics and initial streptococcal adhesion in vitro. Dent Mater. 2009;25:969–75.
Abrahamsson I, Berglundh T, Lindhe J. Soft tissue response to plaque formation at different im...
Within the limitations of an in vitro study, our results indicate that surface roughness as well as wettability may influence the adhesion properties of bacteria on implant surfaces. Furthermore, the predominant factor for adhesion depends on the bacterial species itself. Zirconia implant material did not show any lower bacterial colonization potential than titanium. The influence of substratum ma...
In vivo biofilm models with multi-species biofilms offer the opportunity to evaluate materials in simulated clinical conditions including composite plaque, salivary pellicle, and removal forces [18]. Although the understanding of oral biofilms and the influence of surface characteristics on microbial accumulation has increased, significant gaps in the fundamental knowledge about the formation and ...
Besides surface roughness and morphology, the hydrophobicity and surface free energy (SFE) of an implant surface are known to influence bacterial adhesion [42, 43]. Physico-chemical interactions (non-specific) are composed of van der Waals forces, electrostatic interactions, and acid-based interactions, which in turn define the surface free energy of a substratum [44]. The surface free energy can ...
In the present study, sandblasting (with 50 or 250 μm aluminum trioxide) resulted in significant increases of R
a
on titanium and ceramic surfaces. These R
a
values were higher than those for commercially available implant abutments (observed to range from 0.10 to 0.30 μm) [35]. According to the classification by Albrektsson and Wennerberg, smooth ceramic and titanium materials and t...
Besides, the surface material itself and its chemical composition, surface roughness, and hydrophobicity have a crucial influence on the accumulation of microorganisms. In most previous studies on bacterial adhesion on titanium and ceramic surfaces, the quantity of bacterial adhesion showed a direct positive correlation with surface roughness [4, 10, 18, 24,25,26]. In case of interacting surface r...
The problems involved in osseous healing of dental implants appear to be largely solved. Biofilm formation on exposed implant and abutment surfaces, however, is a fortiori crucial for the long-term therapeutic success of an implant, because biofilms are the most frequent cause of peri-implantitis and implant loss [3,4,5,6,7]. Consequently, new implant surface modifications with reduced properties ...
In general, significantly more S. sanguinis adhered to ceramic surfaces than to titanium surfaces (p  0.05 for all comparisons). On ceramic surfaces (smooth ceramic 4668 ± 1562 rfu; medium ceramic 5590 ± 1493 rfu, rough ceramic 6875 ± 428 rfu), higher surface roughness led to increased S. sanguinis adhesion (p  0.05 for all comparisons). A comparison of rough and smooth s...
The median surface roughness values (R
a
) of each material group (n = 10) tested are shown in Table 1. The differences in R
a
between rough, medium, and smooth specimens were statistically significant for ceramic as well as for titanium (p 
Ten specimens of each material group tested were investigated. As control references, we used the fluorescence values of pure phosphate-buffered saline (0-control), buffer and CytoX-Violet (dye-control), and pure bacterial solution (bacteria-control).
All calculations and graphic displays were done with SPSS 16.0 for Windows (SPSS Corporation, Chicago, IL, USA). Means and standard deviations for ...
Three-dimensional images of rough and smooth implant surfaces were obtained by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM) using the tapping mode scan of an AFM VEECO machine (Plainview, USA); this method was also used to determine the surface topography. We scanned several randomly selected areas measuring either 3 μm × 3 μm or 30 μm × 30 μm for each of the test groups and sterilized...
In this study, we assessed two different implant materials in the form of round specimens (each measuring 5.0 mm in diameter and 1.0 mm in thickness, see Table 1). Half of the specimens were made of grade 1 pure titanium (Mechanische Werkstatt Biologie, University of Regensburg, Germany) and the other half of zirconia ceramic (IPS e.max ZirCAD; Ivoclar Vivadent, Ellwangen, Germany). The grade o...
The aim of the present in vitro study was to investigate bacterial adhesion (by means of the test species Streptococcus sanguinis and Staphylococcus epidermidis) on ten different titanium and zirconia implant surfaces. Surface texture and wettability were modified in well-defined patterns to correlate these surface properties with the amount of initially adhering bacteria and to define the predomi...
Dental implants are one of the most frequently used treatment options for the replacement of missing teeth. The oral microflora and its dynamic interactions with the implant substrata seem to crucially influence the long-term success or failure of dental implants [1,2,3,4,5,6]. As soon as implant surfaces are exposed to the human oral cavity, they are immediately colonized by microorganisms [7, 8]...
This study aims to investigate bacterial adhesion on different titanium and ceramic implant surfaces, to correlate these findings with surface roughness and surface hydrophobicity, and to define the predominant factor for bacterial adhesion for each material.
Zirconia and titanium specimens with different surface textures and wettability (5.0Â mm in diameter, 1.0Â mm in height) were prepared. Sur...
Figure 3. Representative SEM images of healing abutments after electrolysis of different charges and currents for 10 V and 5 min (all images × 1000 magnification)
Â
Figure 3. Representative SEM images of healing abutments after electrolysis of different charges and currents for 10 V and 5 min (all images × 1000 magnification)
Figure 2. Microscopical images of the healing abutments after the electrochemical treatments under different currents at constant 10 V with different electrodes. The healing abutments were stained with phloxine B after electrolysis. Images from side (a, c, e, g, i, k) and from top (b, d, f, h, j, l). a, b 1 A group I. c, d 1.5 A group I. e, f 1 A group II. g, h 1.5 A group II. i, j 1 A...
Figure 1. The amount of residual contamination after electrochemical treatments under different charges and currents at constant 10 V. Mean ± SD (n = 5). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.005
Figure 1. The amount of residual contamination after electrochemical treatments under different charges and currents at constant 10 V. Mean ± SD (n = 5). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.005
Table 3. Composition (%wt) of the surface of the healing abutment analyzed with EDS. Mean of 5 samples was presented
Groups
Charges and currents
Titanium
Carbon
Others
I
+ 0.5 A
24.77
75.23
-
− 0.5 A
35.13
64.87
-
+ 1 A
62.82
37.18
-
− 1 A
84.10
15.90
-
+ 1.5 A
63.86
36.14
-
− 1.5 A
81.71
18.29
-
II
...
Â
Mean roughness score of 4 SEM images per electrolysis of different charges and currents
Mean all examiners
P value compared to Control
Ex 1
Ex 2
Ex 3
Control
2.00 ± 0.00
2.00 ± 0.00
2.00 ± 0.00
2.00 ± 0.00
-
− 1 A, group I
4.00 ± 0.00
3.00 ± 0.00
3.25 ± 0.50
3.42 ± 0.17
*
− 1.5 A, group I
4.00 ± 0.00
3.75 ± 0.50
4.00 ± 0.00
...
Table 1 pH after electrolysis. pH was measured after electrolysis for 5 min under different charges and current at constant 10 V. pH of original electrolyte, 7.5% NaHCO3, before electrolysis was 7.8
Charges and currents
Group I
Group II
Group III
−, 0.5 A
7.91
7.92
7.94
+, 0.5 A
7.02
7.03
7.02
−, 1 A
7.94
8.02
8.01
+, 1 A
6.6
6.2
7.72
...
Although EDS analysis was performed in three areas on each sample, the atomic percentage of carbon on the contaminated area was higher than that on the clean area and the atomic percentage of titanium was lower on the contaminated areas than on the clean area except cathodic potential 1 A and 1.5 A in group III. The possible sources of carbon conta...
According to the previous studies, complete killing of bacteria was seen at anode with low current. However, in this study, complete removal of contaminant was seen in electrolysis after cathodic potential 1 A and 1.5 A in group III. This complete removing action can be attributed to the alkaline environment generated at cathodic potential. Moreover, decrease in electro...
However, copper deposition was formed on the sample after electrolysis of anodic potential in group II. It is believed that anodic current was preferentially supplied by the electrolysis of water, which occurred on the surface of the sample because deposition attained electroconductivity. Thus, it was confirmed that copper could be incorporated into the titanium surface sample, t...
Previous studies also pointed out that low direct current can kill oral bacteria forming in biofilm. Although charging the implant surface with current can kill the bacteria, organic residues still remain adhering on the surface. Infected implants present carbon-based contaminants and considerable changes in titanium surfaces composition even after sterilization. This could be the reas...
Therefore, in this study, phloxine B staining was used to detect residual contamination on the surface of the healing abutments.
Previous studies also pointed out that low direct current can kill oral bacteria forming in biofilm. Although charging the implant surface with current can kill the bacteria, organic residues still remain adhering on the surface. Infected implants present carbon-based c...
Discussion
The current study showed that electrolysis could be an effective means to decontaminate the healing abutment surfaces with complete removal of contaminants without any surface changes at 10 V, 1 A into 5 min, cathodic potential in group III. A minimally invasive approach to remove and disinfect dental implants utilizes the fact that titanium is an electrically conducting me...
Analysis of healing abutment surface roughness after electrolysis
Representative SEM images after electrolysis of two different charges (cathodic and anodic) and two different currents (1 A and 1.5 A) are presented in Fig. 3. The SEM images showed surface modification ranging from smoothening to roughening. The surfaces were between the electrolytic healing abutments and control unused healin...
Results
Analysis of the electrolytes’ pH before and after electrolysis
As shown in Table 1, pH of electrolyte (catholyte) was not changed after electrolysis of different currents. However, the pH decreased after electrolysis of anodic potential of 1 A and 1.5 A in group I and II.
Evaluation of the amount of stained area (contamination) of the healing abutments
The perce...
Ninety healing abutments removed from patients at the Dental Implant Clinic, Dental Hospital, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, were used. As this clinical study is an in vitro experimental study, the university ethical committee decided that ethical approval was not necessary.
These healing abutments were at least for 4 weeks up to 6 weeks in patients’ oral cavities. All the healing abu...
Background
A healing abutment is a small metal cap placed on the dental implant. In dental implant treatment, a healing abutment is first placed on the implant. The top of the healing abutment is exposed in the oral cavity, while its body penetrates the soft mucosal tissue. During the implant treatment, the healing abutment is temporarily removed and replaced into several times until the prosth...
Abstract
Background
To evaluate the effects of electrolysis on cleaning the contaminated healing abutment surface and to detect the optimal condition for cleaning the contaminated healing abutment.
Methods
Ninety healing abutments removed from patients were placed in 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate solution and randomly divided for electrolysis with 7.5% sodium bicarbonate in the following three d...
2. Surface analyses
Analisis permukaan dilakukan dalam 4 penelitian. Dalam penelitian pertama, Yang et al meneliti zirkonia dengan 4% CeO2 dan zirkonia dengan 3% lapisan Y2O3, yang diendapkan pada implant titanium dan implant CoCrMo menggunakan teknik semprotan plasma. Properti adesif, morfologis, dan struktur pada lapisan yang disemprot plasma dievaluasi. Rata-rata kekasaran permukaan zirkonia d...
2. Surface analyses
Surface analyses were performed in 4 studies. In the first study, Yang et al investigated zirconia with 4% CeO2 and zirconia with 3% Y2O3 coatings, which were deposited on titanium and CoCrMo implants using the plasma spraying technique. Adhesive, morphologic, and structural properties of the plasma-sprayed coatings were evaluated. The average surface roug...
1. Oseointegrasi, analisis histologis, dan BIC
Eighteen articles discussed osseous healing, histologic analyses, and BIC of zirconia dental implants. Seven of these articles evaluated zirconia as a coating material, evaluated zirconia dental implants.
Delapan belas artikel medhar penyembuhan osseus, analisis histologis, dan BIC dari implant gigi zirkonia. Tujuh di antara artikel ini mengevaluasi...
1. Osseointegration, histologic analyses, and BIC
Eighteen articles discussed osseous healing, histologic analyses, and BIC of zirconia dental implants. Seven of these articles evaluated zirconia as a coating material, evaluated zirconia dental implants.
Zirconia as a Coating Material
Cranin et al investigated the osseointegration of vitallium implants with the addit...