Fig. 6. Radiographic examination: The relationship between changes in the maxillary sinus floor associated with a reduction in the grafted bone and the implant tip (a immediately after surgery, b 5 years after surgery)
Fig. 6. Radiographic examination: The relationship between changes in the maxillary sinus floor associated with a reduction in the grafted bone and the implant tip (a immediat...
Fig. 5. Radiographic examination (long-term changes in bone height surrounding the implant) n = 20 Number of implants. A total of 5 CBCT scans were taken prior to surgery, immediately after surgery, 6 months after surgery, 1–2 years after surgery, and 3–5 years after surgery
Fig. 5. Radiographic examination (long-term changes in bone height surrounding the implant) n = 20 Numbe...
Fig. 4. Clinical findings of the second surgery on biopsy at 6 months. The degree of residual grafting materials varied depending on the patient. a most of the β-TCP remained. b Replacement of the β-TCP by new bone had progressed
Fig. 4. Clinical findings of the second surgery on biopsy at 6 months. The degree of residual grafting materials varied depending on the patient. a most of the ...
Fig. 3. Radiographic examination of the height of the bone surrounding the implant (BH): Measurement of changes in the height of the implant tip to the bone fixation part over time in the frontal plane: the distance measured from the intersecting point of the long axis of the implant and the maxillary sinus floor to the implant tip: +maxillary side, −alveolar crest side. The liner valuables: r...
Fig. 2. Radiographic examination of the volume of the bone graft (BV): Calculation of area on the frontal plane prior to and immediately after surgery using polygon tool. The polygon tool is included in the CT device, which was dragged around the perimeter of the target site to measure area. Graft volume calculation method (sum of the area and calculation of volume). Volume cm3 = area cm2 ...
Fig. 1. Treatment protocol for the present study. Postoperative CBCT was performed a minimum of three times, i.e., immediately, 6 months, and 2.5 years after implant placement
Fig. 1. Treatment protocol for the present study. Postoperative CBCT was performed a minimum of three times, i.e., immediately, 6 months, and 2.5 years after implant placement
Coefficient
Standard error
95 % CI
P value
Time (months)
−0.087
...
Parameter
Mean (mm)
SD (mm)
RBH
4.48
1.51
...
NoneTable 6 Radiographic examination of BH (changes in bone height surrounding the implant)
BV
Mean
Reduction rate
Immediately after surgery (n = 30)
1206 ...
CBCT examination (year)
Number of patients
0–1
0
1–2
14
...
Implant site
Number of implants
4
6
5
16
6
24
7
12
Total: 58 implants
Table 3 The number of implants according to site
Observation period (months)
Number of patients
12–18
11
19–24
4
...
Age group (years)
Number of patients
40–49
7
50–59
10
...
Okada, T., Kanai, T., Tachikawa, N. et al. Long-term radiographic assessment of maxillary sinus floor augmentation using beta-tricalcium phosphate: analysis by cone-beam computed tomography.
Int J Implant Dent 2, 8 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-016-0042-6
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Received: 25 November 2015
Accepted: 23 March 2016
Published: 01 April 2016
DOI: https://do...
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were...
Tsuneji Okada, Toru Kanai, Noriko Tachikawa, Motohiro Munakata, and Shohei Kasugai declare that they have no competing interests.
TO performed the data acquisition, both of surgical and prosthodontic treatments, the data analysis, statistical analysis, and wrote the manuscript. TK performed the treatment plan, making of pictures, and collecting of references. NT and MM performed the data acquisit...
Clinic for Implant Dentistry, Dental Hospital, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan
Tsuneji Okada, Toru Kanai & Noriko Tachikawa
Oral Implantology Department of Prosthodontic Dentistry for Function of TMJ and Occlusion, Kanagawa Dental University, 82, Inaokachou, Yokosuka-shi, 238-8580, Kanagawa, Japan
Motohiro Munakata
Oral Implantology and...
The bone grafting agent, β-TCP (OSferion), was kindly supplied by Olympus Terumo Biomaterials Corp.
Boyne PJ, James RA. Grafting of the maxillary sinus floor with autogenous marrow and bone. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1980;38:613–6.
Jensen OT, Shulman LB, Block MS, et al. Report of the sinus consensus conference of 1996. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1998;13:11–45.
Artzi Z, Weinreb M, Givol N, et al. Biomaterial resorption rate and healing site morphology of inorganic bovine bone and β-tri...
Chanavaz M. Maxillary sinus: anatomy, physiology, surgery, and bone grafting related to implantology: eleven years of surgical experience (1979–1990). J Oral Implantol. 1990;16:199–209.
Misch CE. Maxillary sinus lift and elevation with subantral augmentation. In: Misch CE, editor. Contemporary implant dentistry. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 1993. p. 545–74.
Sharan A, Madjar D. Maxillary sinus pne...
Maxillary sinus graft augmentation using β-TCP is clinically effective.
Analysis by CBCT provides superior spatial resolution and allows for extremely accurate postoperative evaluation of maxillary sinus floor augmentation and bone volume measurements.
On the basis of CBCT examinations, although maxillary sinus pneumatization continues to progress ≥1 year after surgery, it stabilizes 3 year...
During the observation period, there was no clinical implant failure and the suvival rate for implantation and maxillary sinus floor augmentation was 100 %. Histological examination in a previous report on maxillary sinus augmentation using β-TCP (Cerasorb®), Szabo et al. compared bilateral maxillary sinus augmentation in the same patients using β-TCP and iliac bone at 6 months after surgery ...
As grafting materials for maxillary sinus floor augmentation, autogenous bone, which is considered as the gold standard and reported first by Boyne et al. using iliac bone graft, has been used as the first-choice material. In terms of osteogenic, osteoinductive, and osteoconductive properties, autogenous bone is considered ideal; however, the use of autogenous bone places great physical stress on ...
Change in height of bone surrounding the implant (height from the maxillary sinus floor to the implant tip): Immediately after surgery, all patients had grafted bone between the implant tip and the maxillary sinus floor, with a mean of 2.00 ± 1.51 mm. This height decreased to 0.73 ± 1.33 mm at 6 months after surgery and −0.72 ± 1.11 mm at 2.5 years after surgery (Fig. 5). 41...
The mean age of the 30 patients was 57.4 (40–75) years, and the male/female ratio was 4:26. The mean postoperative observation period was 3 years and 8 months (the maximum period was 5 years and 0 months; the minimum period was 2 years and 2 months). Total of 58 implants were placed at premolar and molar region. There were no dropouts, such as participants not visiting the clinic, during t...
Residual bone height (RBH): existing bone height to the maxillary sinus at the implant site
Implant length (IL): the length of the part of the implant that projects into the maxillary sinus
Width of sinus (SW): the width of the maxillary sinus from lateral wall to medial wall at the height of the center of the IL
In the present study, the radiographic examinations were statistically analyzed fo...
In the present study, we used the superior spatial resolution of CBCT to measure changes over time in (a) the volume of the bone graft (BV) and (b) the height of the bone surrounding the implant (BH).
The method of calculating the volume of the implant site is shown below (Fig. 2).
The slice thickness (voxel value) was resized (0.146 mm → 1 mm) to derive the volume of the grafting agent...
This study is a prospective observational study. The subjects included patients who had undergone maxillary sinus floor augmentation using β-TCP and implant placement at the Clinic for Implant Dentistry, Dental Hospital, Tokyo Medical and Dental University during the 3-year period from January 2009 to December 2011. All patients underwent maxillary sinus floor augmentation at the same time as imp...
Radiographic examinations to determine changes in bone mass in maxillary sinus floor augmentation have been conducted primarily using panoramic radiography [8–12], which allows for the assessment of the height of the maxillary sinus in only two dimensions. In addition, it does not allow for detailed examination or measurement of the interior of the maxillary sinus without factoring in magnificat...
The maxillary sinus gradually expands after birth and becomes fully pneumatized with the eruption of all permanent teeth. Although the physiological cause and maxillary sinus pneumatization are largely unknown, it is believed that genetics, atmospheric pressure, and hormones are involved in it. This sinus is closely related to the root apex of the premolar and molar teeth, and it is either separat...
The long-term stability of maxillary sinus floor augmentation with β-TCP remains largely unknown. We report the long-term assessment of volumetric changes in maxillary sinus floor augmentation with β-TCP by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).
The subjects included 30 patients who underwent maxillary sinus floor augmentation using β-TCP and 58 implant placement for unilateral maxillary defect...
Fig. 4. Bioactivities and PDGF-BB concentrations in PRF extracts and the supernatant serum fraction. a PRF extracts were added to periosteal cell cultures and incubated for 3 days to evaluate their effects on cell proliferation. No significant differences were observed among three groups. b PRF extracts were subjected to measurement of PDGF-BB levels using an ELISA kit. No significant differenc...
Fig. 3. SEM examination of fibrin fibers formed in self-clotted PRF and thrombin-stimulated PPP clots. PRF was prepared from fresh and 2-day-old WB samples. Similar observations were obtained from WB samples collected from three other donors. Scale bars = 10 μm
Fig. 3. SEM examination of fibrin fibers formed in self-clotted PRF and thrombin-stimulated PPP clots. PRF was prepared from fresh ...
Fig. 2. Appearance of PRF clots prepared from WB samples stored for 2 days. These observations are representative of WB samples obtained from four donors
Fig. 2. Appearance of PRF clots prepared from WB samples stored for 2 days. These observations are representative of WB samples obtained from four donors
Fig. 1. Glucose levels (a), calcium levels (b), and pH (c) of stored WB samples. Supernatant serum fractions were examined. Plasma fractions prepared by quick centrifugation were used to determine calcium levels in fresh and stored WB samples that were not added CaCl2. N = 6
Fig. 1. Glucose levels (a), calcium levels (b), and pH (c) of stored WB samples. Supernatant serum fractions were...
Isobe, K., Suzuki, M., Watanabe, T. et al. Platelet-rich fibrin prepared from stored whole-blood samples. Int J Implant Dent 3, 6 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-017-0068-4
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Received: 21 December 2016
Accepted: 15 February 2017
Published: 01 March 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-017-0068-4
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were...
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Correspondence to Tomo...
Tokyo Plastic Dental Society, Kita-ku, Tokyo, Japan
Kazushige Isobe, Masashi Suzuki, Taisuke Watanabe, Yutaka Kitamura, Taiji Suzuki, Hideo Kawabata, Masayuki Nakamura, Toshimitsu Okudera & Hajime Okudera
Division of Oral Implantology, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata, Japan
Kohya Uematsu
Bioscience Medical Research Center, Niigata University Medical and Dental ...
Duan X, Bradbury SR, Olsen BR, Berendsen AD. Matrix Biol. 2016;52-54:127–40.
Kawase T, Okuda K, Kogami H, Nakayama H, Nagata M, Nakata K, Yoshie H. Characterization of human cultured periosteal sheets expressing bone-forming potential: in vitro and in vivo animal studies. J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2009;3:218–29.
Kawase T, Hayama K, Tsuchimochi M, Nagata M, Okuda K, Yoshie H, Burns DM, Nakata K...
Hess J. Conventional blood banking and blood component storage regulation: opportunities for improvement. Blood Transfus. 2010;8 Suppl 3:s9–s15.
World Health Organization. Manual on the management, maintenance and use of blood cold chain equipment. http://www.who.int/bloodsafety/Manual_on_Management,Maintenance_and_Use_of_Blood_Cold_Chain_Equipment.pdf. Accessed 26 Nov 2016.
van der Meer PF, d...
Acid citrate dextrose solution
Concentrated growth factors
Citrate phosphate and dextrose
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
Platelet-derived growth factor
Platelet-poor plasma
Platelet-rich fibrin
Platelet-rich plasma
Scanning electron microscope
Whole blood
The self-clotted types of platelet concentrates (PRF) can be prepared from ACD-containing stored WB by addition of CaCl2 without a significant reduction in their bioactivity and without other specific reagents or devices. This approach should contribute to dissemination of PRF therapy.
Considering the current status of clinical use of platelet concentrates in the fields of periodontology and oral surgery, in this study, we used 10-mL glass tubes that are not oxygen-permeable instead of oxygen-permeable plastic bags for storage of large volumes of WB or platelets. We advanced a working hypothesis that the storage of WB samples in glass tubes would result in a more rapid and subst...
Platelet preservation is restricted to 3 and 5 days in Japan and worldwide, respectively. This limit is based on the fact that platelets are sensitive to changes in temperature and pH: when samples are stored at 2 to 6 °C, platelets become unsuitable for production of platelet concentrates [3]. Preservation of platelet concentrates results in a drop of pH below 6.0 depending on the platelet cou...
Glucose and calcium contents and pH of WB or serum samples after centrifugation are shown in Fig. 1. Because glucose is contained in the ACD-A solution, glucose levels in the stored WB and serum samples (see Fig. 4c) after centrifugation were significantly greater than those of freshly collected WB samples. Total free calcium levels, including calcium chelated by citrate, in WB samples decreased...
PRF extracts prepared as described above were subjected to measurement of PDGF-BB levels using the Human PDGF-BB Quantikine ELISA Kit (R&D Systems, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA) as described previously [8].
The PRF clots that were compressed in a stainless-steel compressor were fixed with 2.5% neutralized glutaraldehyde, dehydrated with a series of ethanol solutions and t-butanol, freeze-dried, and...
Stored WB samples were then mixed intermittently with 200 μL (20 μL × 10 times) of 10% CaCl2 solution and centrifuged by a Medifuge centrifugation system to prepare PRF. When lower amounts of CaCl2 were added, PRF clots were less reproducibly prepared. When higher amounts of CaCl2 were added intermittently, or when the optimal amount of CaCl2 were added at once, PRF clots were never prepa...
The study design and consent forms for all procedures performed on the study subjects were approved by the ethics committee for human subjects at Niigata University School of Medicine in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975 as revised in 2008.
With informed consent, blood samples (~9.0 mL per tube) were collected from six non-smoking, healthy, male volunteers (27 to 67 years old) us...
Blood preservation is generally and widely used in the fields of blood transfusion and surgery for either autologous or allogeneic blood [1–3]. In case of small lots of blood-derived materials used in regenerative therapy, such as platelet concentrates, it is generally accepted that autologous blood samples should be collected on-site and immediately centrifuged for processing [4]. Accordingly, ...
In regenerative therapy, self-clotted platelet concentrates, such as platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), are generally prepared on-site and are immediately used for treatment. If blood samples or prepared clots can be preserved for several days, their clinical applicability will expand. Here, we prepared PRF from stored whole-blood samples and examined their characteristics.
Blood samples were collected ...
Fig. 6. Patient # 1 (12-month healing time): increased bone formation following the shape of the grafted particles that are still present (magnification ×100)
Fig. 6. Patient # 1 (12-month healing time): increased bone formation following the shape of the grafted particles that are still present (magnification ×100)
Fig. 5. Patient # 4 (9-month healing time): increased bone formation following the shape of the grafted particles stained with Goldner trichrome staining (magnification ×100)
Fig. 5. Patient # 4 (9-month healing time): increased bone formation following the shape of the grafted particles stained with Goldner trichrome staining (magnification ×100)
Fig. 4. Patient # 1 (12-month healing time): overview of a typical example of a bone biopsy stained with Goldner trichrome staining (magnification ×10)
Fig. 4. Patient # 1 (12-month healing time): overview of a typical example of a bone biopsy stained with Goldner trichrome staining (magnification ×10)
Fig. 3. Alveolar tissue height (in true mm) over a 5-year period in the 12-month group
Fig. 3. Alveolar tissue height (in true mm) over a 5-year period in the 12-month group
Fig. 2. Aveolar tissue height (in true mm) over a 5-year period in the 9-month group
Fig. 2. Aveolar tissue height (in true mm) over a 5-year period in the 9-month group
Fig. 1. Images of patient # 5 (9-month healing time). a. Radiograph of the left maxillary sinus: situation 9 months after the maxillary sinus floor elevation procedure. b. With a trephine drill, the implant osteotomy is made and the biopsy is obtained. c. Clinical situation after placing two Straumann® SLA implants in the left posterior maxilla. d. Radiograph of two Straumann® SLA implants in...
Patient (N)
Gender/age
Retrieval location
BV/TV (%)
BS/TV (mm2/mm3)
Tb.Th (μm)
...
Patient (N)
Gender/age)
Retrieval location
BV/TV (%)
BS/TV (mm2/mm3)
Tb.Th (μm)
...
Patient
Gender/age
Implant site
T0
T1
Increase
...
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were...
Authors W.F. Bouwman, N. Bravenboer, J.W.F.H. Frenken, C.M. ten Bruggenkate and E.A.J.M. Schulten state that there are no conflicts of interest, either directly or indirectly.
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Correspondence to
E. A. J. M. Schulten.
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Oral Pathology, VU University Medical Center/Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
W. F. Bouwman, C. M. ten Bruggenkate & E. A. J. M. Schulten
Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
N. Bravenboer
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Su...
Groeneveld EH, van den Bergh JP, Holzmann P, ten Bruggenkate CM, Tuinzing DB, Burger EH. Mineralization processes in demineralized bone matrix grafts in human maxillary sinus floor elevations. J Biomed Mater Res. 1999;48:393–402.
Schulten EAJM, Prins HJ, Overman JR, Helder MN, ten Bruggenkate CM, Klein-Nulend JA. Novel approach revealing the effect of collagenous membrane on osteoconduction in ...
Schopper C, Ziya-Ghazvini F, Goriwoda W, Moser D, Wanschitz F, Spassova E, Lagogiannis G, Auterith A, Ewers R. HA/TCP compounding of a porous CaP biomaterial improves bone formation and scaffold degradation—a long-term histological study. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2005;74:458–67.
Frenken JW, Bouwman WF, Bravenboer N, Zijderveld SA, Schulten EA, ten Bruggenkate CM. The use of Strauma...
Beirne JC, Barry HJ, Brady FA, Morris VB. Donor site morbidity of the anterior iliac crest following cancellous bone harvest. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1996;25:268–71.
Vermeeren JIJF, Wismeijer D, van Waas MAJ. One-step reconstruction of the severely resorbed mandible with onlay bone grafts and endosteal implants: a 5-year follow-up. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1996;2:112–5.
Nkenke E, Stel...
Boyne PJ, James RA. Grafting of the maxillary sinus floor with autogenous marrow and bone. J Oral Surg. 1980;38:613–6.
Tatum H Jr. Maxillary and sinus implant reconstructions. Dent Clin N Am. 1986;30:207–29.
Del Fabbro M, Rosano G, Taschieri S. Implant survival rates after maxillary sinus augmentation. Eur J Oral Sci. 2008;116:497–506.
Pjetursson BE, Tan WC, Zwahlen M, Lang NP. A systemat...
Based on clinical, radiological, histological, and histomorphometric analysis, this study confirms the suitability of BCP for vertical augmentation of the posterior maxilla by means of an MSFE procedure, allowing dental implant placement after 9 and 12 months healing times. Yet, complete degradation of the BCP particles does not occur within a 12-month healing time. From a histological and histom...
In the cranial part of the biopsy, some osteoid islands with osteogenic activity were detected, possibly caused by osteoinductive properties from the lifted bony trap-door. In the present study, histomorphometric analyses revealed that the vital bone volume was higher in the 9-month healing time group than in the 12-month healing time group, while one would expect to find more newly formed bone in...
This study presents the clinical, radiological, histological and histomorphometric results on the use of a biphasic calcium phosphate (Straumann® bone ceramic) in a MSFE procedure with healing times of 9 and 12 months. During the clinical evaluation, it appeared that both 9-month and 12-month healing times resulted in integration of the grafted BCP with the original maxillary bone (sinus floor),...
Histological observations did not show inflammatory cells in the tissue adjacent to the bone substitute particles. Bone marrow-like tissue, which included blood vessels, was observed in between the bone trabeculae (Fig. 4). Reinforcement by lamellar bone was shown in some areas after 9 and 12 months (Figs. 5 and 6). No Howship’s lacunae could be detected on the characteristic outlines of the su...
None of the 10 patients showed postoperative inflammation or infection after the MSFE procedure nor during surgical re-entry for dental implant placement. When opening the area for dental implant insertion, the grafted area proved to be well vascularized and the tissue at the site of the former trap-door location was slightly flexible and had a fibrous aspect. Between the periosteum and the bone g...
Parameters evaluating vital bone mass/bone structure:
1: Vital bone volume (BV): percentage of the grafted section that is vital bone tissue (%)
2: Bone surface (BS): BS expressed as a fraction of the total vital bone volume (mm2/mm3)
3: Thickness of bone trabeculae (Tb.Th) (μm)
Parameters evaluating bone turnover:
1: Osteoid volume (OV): fraction of the vital bone tissue section that is ost...
All 22 inserted dental implants were clinically tested for good primary stability. Osseointegration at abutment connection was tested with a 35-Ncm torque. One experienced oral and maxillofacial surgeon (CB) carried out all follow-up examinations.
Panoramic radiographs were made at patient’s intake (T0); immediately after the MSFE procedure (T1); immediately after dental implant placement (T2);...
A midcrestal incision was made with vertical release incisions at the canine and tuberosity region. A full-thickness mucoperiosteal flap was elevated. The lateral maxillary sinus wall was prepared using a diamond burr with copious irrigation with sterile isotonic saline, regarding the contour of the maxillary sinus as observed on the preoperative panoramic radiograph. A bony top-hinge trap-door wa...
In this study, 10 consecutive healthy patients were selected for a unilateral MSFE procedure. Five patients received dental implants 9 months after MSFE and five patients underwent dental implant surgery 12 months after MSFE. In the 9-month group (three men and two women), the average age was 56.6 years (range 40 to 64 years); in the 12-month group (one man and four women), the average age was...
β-TCP is a biocompatible osteoconductive calcium phosphate that may provide a scaffold for potential bony ingrowth [24]. β-TCP resorbs rather quickly but not necessarily at the same rate as new bone formation [25,26,27]. Most research focused on either using the relative unresorbable HA as a scaffold or β-TCP as a degradable component [19, 24,25,26, 28, 29]. Zerbo et al. [30] concluded that due...
Maxillary sinus floor elevation (MSFE) is a surgical procedure to enhance the bone height in the posterior maxilla with graft material, allowing dental implant placement (later or at the same time) [1, 2]. This pre-implant procedure is predictable and results in a dental implant survival of more than 93.8% 3 years after dental implant placement [3]. According to Pjetursson [4] in his systematic r...
This study evaluates the clinical, radiological, histological, and histomorphometric aspects of a fully synthetic biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) (60% hydroxyapatite and 40% ß-tricalcium phosphate), used in a human maxillary sinus floor elevation (MSFE) procedure with 9- and 12-month healing time.
A unilateral MSFE procedure, using 100% BCP, was performed in two series of five patients with hea...
Isobe, K., Suzuki, M., Watanabe, T. et al. Platelet-rich fibrin prepared from stored whole-blood samples.
Int J Implant Dent 3, 6 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-017-0068-4
Download citation
Received: 21 December 2016
Accepted: 15 February 2017
Published: 01 March 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-017-0068-4
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were...
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Tokyo Plastic Dental Society, Kita-ku, Tokyo, Japan
Kazushige Isobe, Masashi Suzuki, Taisuke Watanabe, Yutaka Kitamura, Taiji Suzuki, Hideo Kawabata, Masayuki Nakamura, Toshimitsu Okudera & Hajime Okudera
Division of Oral Implantology, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata, Japan
Kohya Uematsu
Bioscience Medical Research Center, Niigata University Medical and Dental ...
Duan X, Bradbury SR, Olsen BR, Berendsen AD. Matrix Biol. 2016;52-54:127–40.
Kawase T, Okuda K, Kogami H, Nakayama H, Nagata M, Nakata K, Yoshie H. Characterization of human cultured periosteal sheets expressing bone-forming potential: in vitro and in vivo animal studies. J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2009;3:218–29.
Kawase T, Hayama K, Tsuchimochi M, Nagata M, Okuda K, Yoshie H, Burns DM, Nakata K...
Hess J. Conventional blood banking and blood component storage regulation: opportunities for improvement. Blood Transfus. 2010;8 Suppl 3:s9–s15.
World Health Organization. Manual on the management, maintenance and use of blood cold chain equipment. http://www.who.int/bloodsafety/Manual_on_Management,Maintenance_and_Use_of_Blood_Cold_Chain_Equipment.pdf. Accessed 26 Nov 2016.
van der Meer PF, d...
Acid citrate dextrose solution
Concentrated growth factors
Citrate phosphate and dextrose
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
Platelet-derived growth factor
Platelet-poor plasma
Platelet-rich fibrin
Platelet-rich plasma
Scanning electron microscope
Whole blood
The self-clotted types of platelet concentrates (PRF) can be prepared from ACD-containing stored WB by addition of CaCl2 without a significant reduction in their bioactivity and without other specific reagents or devices. This approach should contribute to dissemination of PRF therapy.
Considering the current status of clinical use of platelet concentrates in the fields of periodontology and oral surgery, in this study, we used 10-mL glass tubes that are not oxygen-permeable instead of oxygen-permeable plastic bags for storage of large volumes of WB or platelets. We advanced a working hypothesis that the storage of WB samples in glass tubes would result in a more rapid and subst...
Platelet preservation is restricted to 3 and 5 days in Japan and worldwide, respectively. This limit is based on the fact that platelets are sensitive to changes in temperature and pH: when samples are stored at 2 to 6 °C, platelets become unsuitable for production of platelet concentrates [3]. Preservation of platelet concentrates results in a drop of pH below 6.0 depending on the platelet cou...
Glucose and calcium contents and pH of WB or serum samples after centrifugation are shown in Fig. 1. Because glucose is contained in the ACD-A solution, glucose levels in the stored WB and serum samples (see Fig. 4c) after centrifugation were significantly greater than those of freshly collected WB samples. Total free calcium levels, including calcium chelated by citrate, in WB samples decreased...
PRF extracts prepared as described above were subjected to measurement of PDGF-BB levels using the Human PDGF-BB Quantikine ELISA Kit (R&D Systems, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA) as described previously [8].
The PRF clots that were compressed in a stainless-steel compressor were fixed with 2.5% neutralized glutaraldehyde, dehydrated with a series of ethanol solutions and t-butanol, freeze-dried, and...
Stored WB samples were then mixed intermittently with 200 μL (20 μL × 10 times) of 10% CaCl2 solution and centrifuged by a Medifuge centrifugation system to prepare PRF. When lower amounts of CaCl2 were added, PRF clots were less reproducibly prepared. When higher amounts of CaCl2 were added intermittently, or when the optimal amount of CaCl2 were added at once, PRF clots were never prepa...
The study design and consent forms for all procedures performed on the study subjects were approved by the ethics committee for human subjects at Niigata University School of Medicine in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975 as revised in 2008.
With informed consent, blood samples (~9.0 mL per tube) were collected from six non-smoking, healthy, male volunteers (27 to 67 years old) us...
Blood preservation is generally and widely used in the fields of blood transfusion and surgery for either autologous or allogeneic blood [1–3]. In case of small lots of blood-derived materials used in regenerative therapy, such as platelet concentrates, it is generally accepted that autologous blood samples should be collected on-site and immediately centrifuged for processing [4]. Accordingly, ...
In regenerative therapy, self-clotted platelet concentrates, such as platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), are generally prepared on-site and are immediately used for treatment. If blood samples or prepared clots can be preserved for several days, their clinical applicability will expand. Here, we prepared PRF from stored whole-blood samples and examined their characteristics.
Blood samples were collected ...
Fig. 6. Patient # 1 (12-month healing time): increased bone formation following the shape of the grafted particles that are still present (magnification ×100)
Fig. 6. Patient # 1 (12-month healing time): increased bone formation following the shape of the grafted particles that are still present (magnification ×100)
Fig. 5. Patient # 4 (9-month healing time): increased bone formation following the shape of the grafted particles stained with Goldner trichrome staining (magnification ×100)
Fig. 5. Patient # 4 (9-month healing time): increased bone formation following the shape of the grafted particles stained with Goldner trichrome staining (magnification ×100)
Fig. 4. Patient # 1 (12-month healing time): overview of a typical example of a bone biopsy stained with Goldner trichrome staining (magnification ×10)
Fig. 4. Patient # 1 (12-month healing time): overview of a typical example of a bone biopsy stained with Goldner trichrome staining (magnification ×10)
Fig. 3. Alveolar tissue height (in true mm) over a 5-year period in the 12-month group
Fig. 3. Alveolar tissue height (in true mm) over a 5-year period in the 12-month group
Fig. 2. Aveolar tissue height (in true mm) over a 5-year period in the 9-month group
Fig. 2. Aveolar tissue height (in true mm) over a 5-year period in the 9-month group
Fig. 1. Images of patient # 5 (9-month healing time). a. Radiograph of the left maxillary sinus: situation 9 months after the maxillary sinus floor elevation procedure. b. With a trephine drill, the implant osteotomy is made and the biopsy is obtained. c. Clinical situation after placing two Straumann® SLA implants in the left posterior maxilla. d. Radiograph of two Straumann® SLA implants in...
Patient (N)
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Bouwman, W.F., Bravenboer, N., Frenken, J.W.F.H. et al. The use of a biphasic calcium phosphate in a maxillary sinus floor elevation procedure: a clinical, radiological, histological, and histomorphometric evaluation with 9- and 12-month healing times.
Int J Implant Dent 3, 34 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-017-0099-x
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Received: 22 May 2017
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Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were...
Authors W.F. Bouwman, N. Bravenboer, J.W.F.H. Frenken, C.M. ten Bruggenkate and E.A.J.M. Schulten state that there are no conflicts of interest, either directly or indirectly.
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Correspondence to
E. A. J. M. Schulten.
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Oral Pathology, VU University Medical Center/Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
W. F. Bouwman, C. M. ten Bruggenkate & E. A. J. M. Schulten
Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
N. Bravenboer
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Su...
Groeneveld EH, van den Bergh JP, Holzmann P, ten Bruggenkate CM, Tuinzing DB, Burger EH. Mineralization processes in demineralized bone matrix grafts in human maxillary sinus floor elevations. J Biomed Mater Res. 1999;48:393–402.
Schulten EAJM, Prins HJ, Overman JR, Helder MN, ten Bruggenkate CM, Klein-Nulend JA. Novel approach revealing the effect of collagenous membrane on osteoconduction in ...
Schopper C, Ziya-Ghazvini F, Goriwoda W, Moser D, Wanschitz F, Spassova E, Lagogiannis G, Auterith A, Ewers R. HA/TCP compounding of a porous CaP biomaterial improves bone formation and scaffold degradation—a long-term histological study. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2005;74:458–67.
Frenken JW, Bouwman WF, Bravenboer N, Zijderveld SA, Schulten EA, ten Bruggenkate CM. The use of Strauma...
Beirne JC, Barry HJ, Brady FA, Morris VB. Donor site morbidity of the anterior iliac crest following cancellous bone harvest. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1996;25:268–71.
Vermeeren JIJF, Wismeijer D, van Waas MAJ. One-step reconstruction of the severely resorbed mandible with onlay bone grafts and endosteal implants: a 5-year follow-up. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1996;2:112–5.
Nkenke E, Stel...
Boyne PJ, James RA. Grafting of the maxillary sinus floor with autogenous marrow and bone. J Oral Surg. 1980;38:613–6.
Tatum H Jr. Maxillary and sinus implant reconstructions. Dent Clin N Am. 1986;30:207–29.
Del Fabbro M, Rosano G, Taschieri S. Implant survival rates after maxillary sinus augmentation. Eur J Oral Sci. 2008;116:497–506.
Pjetursson BE, Tan WC, Zwahlen M, Lang NP. A systemat...
Based on clinical, radiological, histological, and histomorphometric analysis, this study confirms the suitability of BCP for vertical augmentation of the posterior maxilla by means of an MSFE procedure, allowing dental implant placement after 9 and 12 months healing times. Yet, complete degradation of the BCP particles does not occur within a 12-month healing time. From a histological and histom...
In the cranial part of the biopsy, some osteoid islands with osteogenic activity were detected, possibly caused by osteoinductive properties from the lifted bony trap-door. In the present study, histomorphometric analyses revealed that the vital bone volume was higher in the 9-month healing time group than in the 12-month healing time group, while one would expect to find more newly formed bone in...
This study presents the clinical, radiological, histological and histomorphometric results on the use of a biphasic calcium phosphate (Straumann® bone ceramic) in a MSFE procedure with healing times of 9 and 12 months. During the clinical evaluation, it appeared that both 9-month and 12-month healing times resulted in integration of the grafted BCP with the original maxillary bone (sinus floor),...
Histological observations did not show inflammatory cells in the tissue adjacent to the bone substitute particles. Bone marrow-like tissue, which included blood vessels, was observed in between the bone trabeculae (Fig. 4). Reinforcement by lamellar bone was shown in some areas after 9 and 12 months (Figs. 5 and 6). No Howship’s lacunae could be detected on the characteristic outlines of the su...
None of the 10 patients showed postoperative inflammation or infection after the MSFE procedure nor during surgical re-entry for dental implant placement. When opening the area for dental implant insertion, the grafted area proved to be well vascularized and the tissue at the site of the former trap-door location was slightly flexible and had a fibrous aspect. Between the periosteum and the bone g...
Parameters evaluating vital bone mass/bone structure:
1: Vital bone volume (BV): percentage of the grafted section that is vital bone tissue (%)
2: Bone surface (BS): BS expressed as a fraction of the total vital bone volume (mm2/mm3)
3: Thickness of bone trabeculae (Tb.Th) (μm)
Parameters evaluating bone turnover:
1: Osteoid volume (OV): fraction of the vital bone tissue section that is ost...
All 22 inserted dental implants were clinically tested for good primary stability. Osseointegration at abutment connection was tested with a 35-Ncm torque. One experienced oral and maxillofacial surgeon (CB) carried out all follow-up examinations.
Panoramic radiographs were made at patient’s intake (T0); immediately after the MSFE procedure (T1); immediately after dental implant placement (T2);...
A midcrestal incision was made with vertical release incisions at the canine and tuberosity region. A full-thickness mucoperiosteal flap was elevated. The lateral maxillary sinus wall was prepared using a diamond burr with copious irrigation with sterile isotonic saline, regarding the contour of the maxillary sinus as observed on the preoperative panoramic radiograph. A bony top-hinge trap-door wa...
In this study, 10 consecutive healthy patients were selected for a unilateral MSFE procedure. Five patients received dental implants 9 months after MSFE and five patients underwent dental implant surgery 12 months after MSFE. In the 9-month group (three men and two women), the average age was 56.6 years (range 40 to 64 years); in the 12-month group (one man and four women), the average age was...
β-TCP is a biocompatible osteoconductive calcium phosphate that may provide a scaffold for potential bony ingrowth [24]. β-TCP resorbs rather quickly but not necessarily at the same rate as new bone formation [25,26,27]. Most research focused on either using the relative unresorbable HA as a scaffold or β-TCP as a degradable component [19, 24,25,26, 28, 29]. Zerbo et al. [30] concluded that due...
Maxillary sinus floor elevation (MSFE) is a surgical procedure to enhance the bone height in the posterior maxilla with graft material, allowing dental implant placement (later or at the same time) [1, 2]. This pre-implant procedure is predictable and results in a dental implant survival of more than 93.8% 3 years after dental implant placement [3]. According to Pjetursson [4] in his systematic r...
This study evaluates the clinical, radiological, histological, and histomorphometric aspects of a fully synthetic biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) (60% hydroxyapatite and 40% ß-tricalcium phosphate), used in a human maxillary sinus floor elevation (MSFE) procedure with 9- and 12-month healing time.
A unilateral MSFE procedure, using 100% BCP, was performed in two series of five patients with hea...
Toyoda, T., Isobe, K., Tsujino, T. et al. Direct activation of platelets by addition of CaCl2 leads coagulation of platelet-rich plasma.
Int J Implant Dent 4, 23 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-018-0134-6
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Received: 13 March 2018
Accepted: 11 May 2018
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-018-0134-6
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were ...
The study design and consent forms of all the procedures performed were approved by the ethics committee for human participants of the Niigata University School of Medicine (Niigata, Japan) in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of 1964 as revised in 2013. Written informed consents to participate in the study were obtained from all the participants.
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TT, KI, TT, and TK conceived and designed the study, performed the experiments and data analysis, and wrote the manuscript. YK, FO, TW, ...
Tokyo Plastic Dental Society, Kita-ku, Tokyo, Japan
Toshihisa Toyoda, Kazushige Isobe, Tetsuhiro Tsujino, Yasuo Koyata, Fumitaka Ohyagi, Taisuke Watanabe, Masayuki Nakamura, Yutaka Kitamura & Hajime Okudera
Bioscience Medical Research Center, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata, Japan
Koh Nakata
Division of Oral Bioengineering, Institute of Medicine and Dentistry, ...
The authors appreciate Shoshin EM (Okazaki, Japan) for giving an opportunity to use DHM.
Because an article performed and prepared in parallel is now submitted elsewhere for publication, the authors do not wish to share their data at present time.
Blitz A. Pump thrombosis—a riddle wrapped in a mystery inside an enigma. Ann Cardiothor Surg. 2014;3:450–71.
Kawase T, Watanabe T, Okuda K. Platelet-rich plasma and its derived platelet concentrates: what dentists involved in cell-based regenerative therapy should know. Nihon Shishubyou Gakkai Kaishi. 2017;59:68–76. (in Japanese)
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Kobayashi M, Kawase T, Horimizu M, Okuda K, Wolff LF, Yoshie H. A proposed protocol for the standardized preparation of PRF membranes for clinical use. Biologicals. 2012;40:323–9.
Kawase T, Okuda K, Nagata M, Tsuchimochi M, Yoshie H, Nakata K. Non-invasive, quantitative assessment of the morphology of gamma-irradiated human mesenchymal stem cells and periosteal cells using digital holographic m...
Marx RE, Carlson ER, Eichstaedt RM, Schimmele SR, Strauss JE, Georgeff KR. Platelet-rich plasma: growth factor enhancement for bone grafts. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1998;85:638–46.
Anitua E. Plasma rich in growth factors: preliminary results of use in the preparation of future sites for implants. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1999;14:529–35.
Masuki H, Okudera T, Wa...
Acid citrate dextrose solution
Adenosine diphosphate
Calcium-sensing receptor
Digital holographic microscopy
Phosphate-buffered saline
Platelet-poor plasma
Platelet-rich fibrin
Platelet-rich plasma
Scanning electron microscope
Tris-buffered saline
Thromboxane A2
In addition to the well-known intrinsic coagulation pathway, which activates platelets via thrombin conversion, added Ca2+ may directly activate washed platelets and promote clot formation alone and in cooperation with the coagulation pathway as illustrated in Fig. 8. Therefore, it is possible to control platelet activation levels and the consequent growth factor release by modulating not only in...
On the other hand, in PRF prepared from fresh whole-blood without anticoagulants, it is thought that the centrifugal force increases the contact of factor XII with a glass surface, thereby primarily forming fibrin clots. Although platelets can also be activated by a glass surface, the centrifugal force accumulates platelets at and just below the interface between the red blood cell fraction and pl...
An alternative possibility may be related to the status of platelets stored in a low-Ca2+ environment: platelets constantly increase thromboxane A2 (TXA2) production and tend to easily aggregate under the influence of the TXA2 autocrine loop [19]. Therefore, it is thought that platelets prepared from citrated whole-blood samples continuously repeat Ca2+ discharge from intracellular Ca2+ stores and...
It is well known that platelets are activated by adenosine diphosphate (ADP), thrombin, epinephrine, thromboxane A2, collagen, and many other compounds and thus aggregate through binding of fibrinogen and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptors and upregulate surface antigens known as “platelet activation markers”: CD62P and CD63 [13, 14]. During activation, platelet morphology generally changes from ...
The surface microstructures of the formed fibrin clots are depicted in Fig. 6. The loop-like substances that initially formed in PRP on watch glasses were composed of abundant aggregated platelets, and relatively smaller amounts of fibrin fibers were deposited around platelet aggregates (Fig. 6a). By contrast, in the final version of fibrin clots, platelet aggregates were hardly detectable and m...
Morphological changes of (and microparticle release and fibrin formation by) Ca2+-stimulated platelets are shown in Fig. 1. When washed platelets were treated with 0.1% CaCl2 in sample tubes and plated in culture dishes for the last 5 min of treatment (control, 2 min), platelets’ ability to adhere to the dish bottom surface increased with the duration of Ca2+ treatment (Fig. 1a). On the othe...
Imaging by DHM (HoloMonitor M4; Phase Holographic Imaging AB, Lund, Sweden) was performed as described elsewhere [12]. The data were analyzed using specialized software, HoloStudio M4 (Phase Holographic Imaging AB). For surface roughness and area analysis, after a series of images were captured, the grayscale images were converted to the black-and-white format by the Otsu method, and the cell iden...
As described in the subsection above, the platelet fractions were prepared and treated with CaCl2 in polypropylene sample tubes. At the end of incubation, the platelets were fixed with an equal volume of a commercial fixative, ThromboFix (Beckman-Coulter, Brea, CA, USA), for 30 min, washed twice with PBS, and probed simultaneously with phycoerythrin (PE)-conjugated mouse monoclonal anti-CD41 and ...
Blood samples were collected from eight nonsmoking healthy male volunteers at ages from 32 to 68 years. The study design and consent forms of all the procedures performed were approved by the ethics committee for human participants of the Niigata University School of Medicine (Niigata, Japan) in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of 1964 as revised in 2013.
Peripheral blood (~ 9 mL) was...
In this study, we attempted to dissociate platelets from the coagulation pathway and to evaluate possible direct action of Ca2+ on platelet functions in citrated whole-blood samples. In addition, in response to recent increasingly frequent requests for scheduled or outsourced, but not immediate on-site, preparation of various platelet concentrate types [4, 5], we examined time course changes in pl...
Since Marx’s report [1], platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and subsequently modified PRP derivatives have been widely applied in regenerative dentistry. Unlike self-clotted platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), for better handling efficiency and minimizing the loss of growth factors to diffusion, PRP and some other derivatives in liquid form are usually clotted by addition of exogenous coagulation factors, such ...
Based on the notion that full activation of platelets is required for a growth factor release, in regenerative dentistry, platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in liquid form is usually clotted by addition of CaCl2 in glassware before topical implantation. However, there has been no evidence as to which is better, full or partial activation of platelets, for minimizing the loss of growth factors and improvin...
Fig. 1. Anatomical location of the control and Ca2+-modified dental implants
Fig. 1. Anatomical location of the control and Ca2+-modified dental implants
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P
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Anitua, E., Piñas, L. & Alkhraisat, M.H. Early marginal bone stability of dental implants placed in a transalveolarly augmented maxillary sinus: a controlled retrospective study of surface modification with calcium ions.
Int J Implant Dent 3, 49 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-017-0111-5
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Received: 04 September 2017
Accepted: 15 November 2017
Publi...
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were...
An exemption from IRB approval of the study protocol was granted by the author’s institution as it was a retrospective study, and the evaluated medical device had already been approved for clinical use. This study was performed following the Helsinki declaration regarding the investigation with human subjects.
Not applicable.
Eduardo Anitua is the Scientific Director of BTI Biotechnology Insti...
Private practice in oral implantology, Clínica Eduardo Anitua, Vitoria, Spain
Eduardo Anitua
University Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Oral Implantology - UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), Vitoria, Spain
Eduardo Anitua & Mohammad Hamdan Alkhraisat
BTI Biotechnology Institute, Vitoria, Spain
Eduardo Anitua & Mohammad Hamdan Alkhraisat
Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madr...
Not applicable
No funding was received for this study.
The data will not be shared but are available upon request.
Schulze R, Krummenauer F, Schalldach F, d'Hoedt B. Precision and accuracy of measurements in digital panoramic radiography. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2000;29:52–6.
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Jaffin RA, Berman CL. The excessive loss of Branemark fixtures in type IV bone: a 5-year analysis. J Periodontol. 1991;62:2–4.
Anitua E, Alkhraisat MH, Pinas L, Orive G. Efficacy of biologically guided implant site preparation to obtain adequate primary implant stability. Ann Anat. 2015;199:9–15.
Anitua E, Alkhraist MH, Piñas L, Orive G. Association of transalveolar sinus floor elevation, p...
Moraschini V, Poubel LA, Ferreira VF, Barboza Edos S. Evaluation of survival and success rates of dental implants reported in longitudinal studies with a follow-up period of at least 10 years: a systematic review. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;44:377–88.
Berglundh T, Abrahamsson I, Lang NP, Lindhe J. De novo alveolar bone formation adjacent to endosseous implants. Clin Oral Implants Res. 200...
Plasma rich in growth factors
Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology
The modification of an acid-etched surface with calcium ions (UnicCa®) seems to enhance the marginal bone stability of dental implants, placed after transalveolar sinus floor elevation.
Unlike Ca2+-modified dental implants, two early implant losses were observed for the same dental implants but without Ca2+. Moderately rough implant surface has enhanced implant osseointegration and has increased the implant secondary stability [2, 3, 19]. Hydrophilic moderately rough surfaces showed faster osseointegration compared to those with hydrophobic characteristics [20, 21]. Ca2+ ions hav...
In this study, 51 patients participated with 65 dental implants. The mean age of the patients was 58 ± 11 years (range 38 to 72 years) at the time of surgery, and 28 were females.
The experimental group had 34 Ca2+-modified dental implants, and the control group had 31 dental implants (without surface modification with calcium ions).
Tables 1 and 2 show the diameters and lengths of the p...
The plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF) was prepared using the Endoret® system following the manufacturer instructions (BTI Biotechnology Institute, Vitoria, Spain). The technique for transalveolar sinus floor elevation is explained elsewhere [15]. Briefly, conventional drills working at low speed (150 rpm) without irrigation was used to prepare the implant site. A frontal cutting drill was the...
The manuscript was written following STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology) guidelines. All described data and treatments were obtained from a single dental clinic in Vitoria, Spain. The time period of the study was between December 2014 and April 2016. Patients’ records were retrospectively reviewed to identify patients that fulfilled the following inclusi...
Dental implants are nowadays the treatment of choice to replace missing teeth due to their high predictability and long-term success [1]. This success is the outcome of several cellular and molecular events that take place at the implant-bone interface. Although the process of osseointegration is not fully understood, research is ongoing to enhance and accelerate this process. Moderately rough imp...
Recently, components of the extracellular cellular matrix have been assessed to enhance the biological response to dental implants. This study aims to assess the effect of surface modification with calcium ions on the early marginal bone loss of dental implants placed in a transalveolarly augmented maxillary sinus.
A retrospective study of transalveolar sinus floor augmentation was conducted in a...