Fig. 8. Mean values of crestal bone loss (CBL) between the two groups during the follow-up period. ANOVA test
Fig. 8. Mean values of crestal bone loss (CBL) between the two groups during the follow-up period. ANOVA test
Fig. 7. Changes of CBL (mm) between the two groups in sites with KKT > 2 and ≤ 2 mm. ANOVA test
Fig. 7. Changes of CBL (mm) between the two groups in sites with KKT > 2 and ≤ 2 mm. ANOVA test
Fig. 6. Mean values of gingival recession (REC) between the two groups at the end of follow-up period (3-year). ANOVA test
Fig. 6. Mean values of gingival recession (REC) between the two groups at the end of follow-up period (3-year). ANOVA test
Fig. 5. Mean values of probing depth (PD) between the two groups during the follow-up period. ANOVA test P > 0.05
Fig. 5. Mean values of probing depth (PD) between the two groups during the follow-up period. ANOVA test P > 0.05
Fig. 4. Schematic view of radiographic measurement references
Fig. 4. Schematic view of radiographic measurement references
Fig. 3. Implants used in the present study and laser-microtextured intramucosal surface (original magnification × 800)
Fig. 3. Implants used in the present study and laser-microtextured intramucosal surface (original magnification × 800)
Fig. 2. Example of the location of a submerged implant, bone, and adjacent tooth
Fig. 2. Example of the location of a submerged implant, bone, and adjacent tooth
Fig. 1. Example of the location of a non-submerged implant, bone, and adjacent tooth
Fig. 1. Example of the location of a non-submerged implant, bone, and adjacent tooth
FMPPD (mm)FMPS (%)FMBS (%)Mean (SD)Mean (SD)Mean (SD)Baseline1.6 (0.3)13.7 (2.1)11.4 (1.7)3-year follow-up (T3)1.8 (0.2)15.1 (1.4)12.3 (1.4)Significance0.770.810.39Table 4 Patients’ full-mouth periodontal probing depth (FMPPD), full-mouth plaque score (FMPS), and full-mouth bleeding score (FMBS) recorded during the follow-up period
T01-year2-year3-yearNumber of sites with plaque Submerged77912 Nonsubmerged1210811 Significance0.230.310.220.82Number of sites with BOP Submerged210914 Nonsubmerged610411 Significance0.080.750.510.41Table 3 Differences in number of sites with plaque and bleeding on probing (BOP) between the two groups during the follow-up period (Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, P > 0.05)
PositionTotal implantsSubmergedNon-submerged142111552316312171-1244222543126321270--341-1351-13653237211442-2451-1464314722-Table 2 Distribution of each implant in each group
No. of patients/age (years)/sexPositionSubmergedNonsubmergedLength/diameter (mm)1/44y/M14X 10.5 × 3.826 X9 × 3.82/51y/M36X 9 × 4.644 X9 × 3.83/59y/F35 X10.5 × 3.846X 10.5 × 4.64/38y/F47X 9 × 4.636 X9 × 4.65/57y/M24 X12 × 3.815X 12 × 3.86/44y/F16 X9 × 4.624X 12 × 3.87/60y/M36X 10.5 × 4.646 X10.5 × 4.68/49y/F15 X12 × 3.824X 10.5 × 3.89/46y/M37X 9 × 4.645 X9 × 3.81...
Guarnieri, R., Di Nardo, D., Di Giorgio, G. et al. Clinical and radiographics results at 3 years of RCT with split-mouth design of submerged vs. nonsubmerged single laser-microgrooved implants in posterior areas. Int J Implant Dent 5, 44 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-019-0196-0
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Received: 15 July 2019
Accepted: 15 November 2019
Published: 18 December 2019
DOI: https:...
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were m...
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The study was approved by the Institutional Ethic committee of La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy, (#4597). All patients were informed that two different implants were used and gave their informed consent to the treatment
Not applicable.
Renzo Guarnieri, Dario Di Nardo, Gianni Di Giorgio, Gabriele Miccoli, and Luca Testarelli state that they have no competing interests.
Department of Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
Renzo Guarnieri, Dario Di Nardo, Gianni Di Giorgio, Gabriele Miccoli & Luca Testarelli
Treviso, Italy
Renzo Guarnieri
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The study was supported by BioHorizons, Birmingham, AL, USA, who provided the materials.
Authors report no conflict of interests. BioHorizons, Birmingham, AL, USA, provided the materials of the study.
Derks J, Håkansson J, Wennström JL, Tomasi C, Larsson M, Berglundh T. Effectiveness of implant therapy analyzed in a Swedish population: early and late implant loss. J Dent Res. 2015;94(3 Suppl):44S–51S.
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Al Amri MD. Crestal bone loss around submerged and nonsubmerged dental implants: a systematic review. J Prosthet Dent. 2016;115(5):564–570.e1.
Sanz M, Ivanoff CJ, Weingart D, Wiltfang J, Gahlert M, Cordaro L, Ganeles J, Bragger U, Jackowski J, Martin WC, Jung RE, Chen S, Hammerle C. Clinical and radiologic outcomes after submerged and transmucosal implant placement with two-piece implants in th...
Esposito M, Grusovin MG, Chew YS, Coulthard P, Worthington HV. One-stage versus two-stage implant placement. A Cochrane systematic review of randomised controlled clinical trials. Eur J Oral Implantol. 2009; Summer;2(2):91–9.
Berglundh T, Lindhe J. Dimension of the periimplant mucosa. Biological width revisited. J Clin Periodontol. 1996;23:971–3.
Flores-Guillen J, Álvarez-Novoa C, Barbieri ...
Esposito M, Coulthard P, Thomsen P, Worthington HV. Interventions for replacing missing teeth: different types of dental implants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;1:CD003815.
Brånemark PI, Breine U, Adell R, Hansson BO, Lindstrom J, Ohlsson A. Intraosseous anchorage of dental prostheses. I. Experimental studies. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg. 1969;3(2):81–100.
Brånemark PI, Hansson BO, Adell ...
The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
After 3 years of loading, no differences were founded in CBL and soft tissue conditions between single submerged two-stage and non-submerged one-stage laser-microgrooved implants.
Few studies evaluated the influence of vertical KTT on CBL at the time of implant placement [28,29,30]. Linkevicius et al. [30] investigated the influence of vertical KTT on CBL around implants placed 2 mm supracrestally (non-submerged/test) and implants placed at bone level (submerged connected with healing abutments/control), after 1 year of loading. In sites with vertical KTT ≤ 2 mm, al...
Data from available literature indicate that if submerged/nonsubmerged techniques do affect CBL, this effect could be associated with the post-operative healing period [9, 23, 24]. In the present study, at the end of the follow-up period (3 years), no significant difference was detected in CBL around submerged and nonsubmerged implants. A possible explanation for this observation could be that s...
CBL mean values recorded around submerged and nonsubmerged implants at different timepoints are the most interesting results of the present randomized clinical trial. Before functional loading, radiographic CBL was significantly greater in submerged implants than that in nonsubmerged implants (0.23 mm ± 0.05 mm vs. 0.09 mm ± 0.07 mm). During the follow-up period, both implants showed sim...
At the end of the follow-up period, no patient dropped off the study, and the survival rate was 100% for both groups of implants.
At the 3-year follow-up, no statistically significant difference was found between the study groups regarding PI and BOP (P > 0.05). The number of sites with plaque was 12 (15%) for submerged implants and 11 (13.7%) for the nonsubmerged implants, whereas the mean numbe...
A public domain online software (Raosoft, http://www.raosoft.com/samplesize.html) was used to calculate the minimum number necessary for statistical evaluation. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 13.0 (Chicago, IL, USA). For clinical parameters (PD and REC) and radiographic CBL, data were calculated for each implant and reported as the mean ± SD, at baseline (T0), at 1-year (T1), 2-ye...
The following radiographic measurements were performed:
radiographic implant length (IL): distance (in mm) between the implant coronal margin and the implant apex as assessed at the mid portion of the implant
residual bone height at the mesial (MI) and distal (DI) aspects of the implant: distance (in mm) between the line linking the coronal implant margin and the first contact of the crestal b...
In the submerged group, second-stage surgeries for the placement of healing abutments were carried out after 4 months in the mandible and 6 months in the maxilla. This procedure was performed by a midcrestal minimal incision, slightly larger than the coronal diameter of the implant. No secondary surgical manipulation of the soft tissue was performed. Once the healing screw was inserted, suturi...
The cases were randomly divided into two groups as two-stage/submerged and one-stage/nonsubmerged. Thus, in each patient, the two implants (submerged and nonsubmerged) were placed randomly in the left and right posterior area of the mandible, or in the left and right posterior area of the maxilla (Tables 1 and 2).
For a complete pre-surgical evaluation, an intra-oral rx and a CBCT scan examinat...
This randomized clinical trial included 20 patients, 12 males and 8 females, between the age of 36 and 64 (mean age of 49.7 ± 12.3 years), who were partially edentulous and needed implants for rehabilitation with a single tooth/implant of two non-adjacent sites. Patients were consecutively enrolled between January and July 2014. The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics committee of La...
In the last decades, the replacement of missing teeth with implant-supported restorations has become a predictable treatment with excellent long-term results [1]. It is based on the concept of intimate interfacial contact between the bone and functionally loaded dental implants, defined as “osseointegration” by Brånemark et al. [2, 3] and “functional ankylosis or direct bone apposition to t...
To evaluate and compare radiographic crestal bone loss (CBL) and soft tissue parameters around submerged/two-stage and nonsubmerged/one-stage single implants with the same endosseous portion (body design and surface, thread design and distance) and identical intramucosal laser-microgrooved surface, after 3 years of loading.
Twenty submerged/two-stage implants and 20 nonsubmerged/one-stage impla...
Fig. 3. Peri-implant bone level at baseline, 3 months post-operative, and 6 months post-operative. a Mesial defect depth. b Mesial defect width. c Distal defect depth. d Distal defect width
Fig. 3. Peri-implant bone level at baseline, 3 months post-operative, and 6 months post-operative. a Mesial defect depth. b Mesial defect width. c Distal defect depth. d Distal defect width
Fig. 2. Test group (PRF augmentation)
Fig. 2. Test group (PRF augmentation)
Fig. 1. Control group (no PRF augmentation)
Fig. 1. Control group (no PRF augmentation)
Illustration 11. ive (a), 1 week post-operative (b), 1 month post-operative (c), and 3 months post-operative (d)
Illustration 11. a–d Post-operative healing process at 3 days post-operative (a), 1 week post-operative (b), 1 month post-operative (c), and 3 months post-operative (d)
Illustration 10. a–d Second measuring, reentry, and insertion of a screwed, full ceramic crown
Illustration 10. a–d Second measuring, reentry, and insertion of a screwed, full ceramic crown
Illustration 9. a–c Radiographic control a at time of implant placement (a), 3 months post-operative (b), and 6 months post-operative (c)
Illustration 8. Fixation of the flap with Seralene® 6.0
Illustration 8. Fixation of the flap with Seralene® 6.0
Illustration 7. Insertion of PRF membranes in a double-layered technique for tissue augmentation
Illustration 7. Insertion of PRF membranes in a double-layered technique for tissue augmentation
Illustration 6. PRF membrane made by centrifugating and pressing the patient’s blood
Illustration 6. PRF membrane made by centrifugating and pressing the patient’s blood
Illustration 5. Implant placed with a split-flap technique
Illustration 5. Implant placed with a split-flap technique
Illustration 4. NobelSpeedy Replace® (source: https://www.nobelbiocare.com/de/de/home/products-and-solutions/implant-systems/nobelspeedy.html)
Illustration 4. NobelSpeedy Replace® (source: https://www.nobelbiocare.com/de/de/home/products-and-solutions/implant-systems/nobelspeedy.html)
Illustration 3. Insertion of the implant
Illustration 3. Insertion of the implant
Illustration 2. Crestal incision and preparation of a split-flap
Illustration 2. Crestal incision and preparation of a split-flap
Illustration 1. Measurement of tissue thickness with an endodontic micro-opener
Illustration 1. Measurement of tissue thickness with an endodontic micro-opener
Hehn, J., Schwenk, T., Striegel, M. et al. The effect of PRF (platelet-rich fibrin) inserted with a split-flap technique on soft tissue thickening and initial marginal bone loss around implants: results of a randomized, controlled clinical trial.
Int J Implant Dent 2, 13 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-016-0044-4
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Received: 30 July 2015
Accepted: 23 ...
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were...
Julia Hehn, Thomas Schwenk, Marcus Striegel, and Markus Schlee declare that they have no competing interests. This study was self-supported.
JH was responsible for the study design and recruitment of the patients, carried out the implant surgery and follow-up examinations, and drafted the manuscript. TS participated in the surgical treatment and follow-up examinations. MS performed the digital me...
Periodontology, Edel & Weiß Clinic, Ludwigsplatz 1a, 90403, Nuremberg, Germany
Julia Hehn
Esthetic Dentistry, Edel & Weiß Clinic, Nuremberg, Germany
Thomas Schwenk & Markus Striegel
Private Clinic for Periodontology, Forchheim and Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
Markus Schlee
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The authors thank Dr. Wolfgang Reimers of MedCommTools for performing the statistics.
Abrahamsson I, Berglundh T. Effects of different implant surfaces and designs on marginal bone-level alterations: a review. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2009;20 Suppl 4:207–15.
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Dohan DM et al. Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF): a second-generation platelet concentrate. Part II: platelet-related biologic features. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2006;101(3):e45–50.
Choukroun J, et al. Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF): a second-generation platelet concentrate. Part IV: clinical effects on tissue healing. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2006;101(3)...
Cardaropoli G et al. Tissue alterations at implant-supported single-tooth replacements: a 1-year prospective clinical study. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2006;17(2):165–71.
Fickl S et al. Dimensional changes of the alveolar ridge contour after different socket preservation techniques. J Clin Periodontol. 2008;35(10):906–13.
Vela-Nebot X et al. Benefits of an implant platform modification techniqu...
platelet-derived growth factor
platelet-rich fibrin
standard deviation
transforming growth factor-b
Soft tissue augmentation with PRF using a split-flap technique cannot be recommended to alter thin gingiva types. Future experimental and clinical studies will be necessary to evaluate whether augmentation with PRF is suitable for mucosa thickening.
With respect to marginal bone loss, it could be shown that there were no significant differences when comparing dimension of bone loss between test and control groups. The study of present research data shows, to the best knowledge of the authors, no other RCTs about tissue thickening with PRF and peri-implant bone loss. However, several studies focused on mucosa thickening with tissue grafts and ...
In this study over a period of 6 months, it could be demonstrated that mucosal tissue thickening above implants with PRF led to reduced tissue thickness when performed in a split-flap technique.
The initial post-operative dehiscence and the associated complete loss of mucosal and augmented tissue above the implant were observed in all test patients.
PRF is supposed to be a good healing aid in v...
The mean marginal bone level alterations are displayed in Fig. 3.
Six months after surgery, both groups showed a statistically significant peri-implant bone loss.
The mesial resp. distal defect depth was 0.70 mm ± 0.72 SD resp. 0.64 mm ± 0.66 SD at baseline. Six months later, the marginal bone defect increased to 1.47 mm ± 0.65 SD on the mesial side resp. 1.46 mm ± 0.54 ...
At time of surgery, the patients ranged in age from 33 to 79 years (mean age 53.8 years).
The first surgeries for implant placement in the test group were carried out as described above. Two layers of a PRF matrix were placed on top of the implant. Though surgical flaps were all sutured completely free of tension, a post-operative dehiscence above the implant could be observed in all test pati...
Comparison of bone level alterations between test and control groups.
Data were expressed as means ± standard deviation. Comparisons were made using the Wilcoxon test, the Mann–Whitney U test, and the multiple comparisons test by Schaich-Hamerle (p = 0.05).
After the implantation, standardized digital X-rays were taken with parallel technique (baseline) (illustration 9). For each patient, an individual customized digital film holder was fabricated to ensure a reproducible radiographic analysis. Patients were instructed to avoid chewing hard nutrition in the treated area and to use chlorhexidine mouthwash and a soft brush twice a day for the first 2 ...
Patients aged 18+ who required an implant in the posterior mandible were eligible for this study.
Exclusion criteria were the following:
general contraindications to implant surgery
insufficient oral hygiene and periodontitis
patients with a history of severe periodontitis
bone augmentation required
smokers
substance abuse
uncontrolled diabetes
severe cardiovascular problems
treated or u...
As a consequence, recent research focused on soft tissue augmentation of thin gingiva types prior to or simultaneous to implant insertion. Wiesner et al. published a significant gain of soft tissue by thickening the gingiva with a connective soft tissue graft harvested from the palate [12]. Soft tissues at augmented sites were 1.3 mm thicker than on control sites and had a better pink esthetic sc...
The initial bone modeling around implants within the first year after insertion presents a challenging topic in current research. Previous studies have shown that this process is characterized by a remodeling of the horizontal and vertical bone dimension with a range of 0.7 to 3 mm within the first year [1].
First attempts to reduce this loss of tissue focused on changes of implant shapes, impla...
Previous studies have shown that adequate thickness or initial augmentation of soft tissue has a positive effect on the stability of peri-implant bone. This randomized, controlled trial aimed to evaluate the influence of augmenting soft tissue with platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) on crestal bone and soft tissue around implants.
After randomization, 31 fully threaded titanium implants were inserted in ...
Fig. 9. Comparison of the CBD medians in the immediate implant and the control groups
Fig. 9. Comparison of the CBD medians in the immediate implant and the control groups
Fig. 8. Comparison of the CBD means in the immediate implant and the control groups
Fig. 8. Comparison of the CBD means in the immediate implant and the control groups
Fig. 7. CBD in millimeters plotted over 10 years for the control group
Fig. 7. CBD in millimeters plotted over 10 years for the control group
Fig. 6. CBD in millimeters plotted over 10 years for the immediate implant group
Fig. 6. CBD in millimeters plotted over 10 years for the immediate implant group
Fig. 5. Measurement specifications: clinical realization [6]
Fig. 5. Measurement specifications: clinical realization [6]
Fig. 4. Measurement specifications: outline [6]
Fig. 4. Measurement specifications: outline [6]
Fig. 3. Number of implants in the respective region (anterior region ranging from 13 to 23 and 33 to 43, and posterior region ranging from 18 to 14, 24 to 28, 38 to 34, and 44 to 48)
Fig. 3. Number of implants in the respective region (anterior region ranging from 13 to 23 and 33 to 43, and posterior region ranging from 18 to 14, 24 to 28, 38 to 34, and 44 to 48)
Fig. 2. Prosthodontic indications
Fig. 2. Prosthodontic indications
Fig. 1. On the left, the Tübingen ceramic implant; on the right, the Frialit stepped-screw implant. The transgingival part with the cervical groove of the Tübingen implant has been removed in the Frialit implant; this part is now replaced by a mirror-polished transgingival portion of the Frialit abutment; all the intraosseous portion of the implant has now a thread and is shaped like the origi...
IM vs. CG
Insertion
Prosthetic treatment
1st year after prosthetic treatment
2nd year after prosthetic treatment
...
Implant diameter and length
Formula for the calculation of the CBD
(CBD = coronal bone defect)
(DD = defect depth)
3.8 × 13 mm
CBD = DD + 5 mm
3.8 × 15 mm
CBD = DD + 7 mm
All other diameters
CBD = DD + 3.2 mm
Table 3 Formula for the CBD
Length (mm)
Diameter
10
13
15
3.8 mm
0
...
Age (year)
Gender
15–20
21–40
41–60
61–75
Fe...
Gomez-Roman, G., Launer, S. Peri-implant bone changes in immediate and non-immediate root-analog stepped implants—a matched comparative prospective study up to 10 years.
Int J Implant Dent 2, 15 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-016-0048-0
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Received: 03 November 2015
Accepted: 14 May 2016
Published: 23 May 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-...
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were...
Department of Prosthodontics, Dental School, University of Tübingen, Osianderstr. 2-8, Tübingen, D-72076, Germanyᅟ
German Gomez-Roman & Steffen Launer
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Correspondence to
German Gomez-Roman.
The study was supported by the German Society of Research, Special research project 175, Implantology (DFG—Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Sonderforschungsbereich 175, Implantologie). The authors of this study express their appreciation to Dr. Detlef Axmann for the expert advice in statistics.
GG-R conceived of the study and participated in its design and coordination and helped to draft the m...
Perry J, Lenchewski E. Clinical performance and 5-year retrospective evaluation of Frialit-2 implants. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2003;19(6):887–91.
Quirynen M, Van Assche N, Botticelli D, Berglundh T. How does the timing of implant placement to extraction affect outcome? Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2007;22:203–26.
Ortega-Martínez J, Pérez-Pascual T, Mareque-Bueno S, Hernández-Al...
Lsidor F. Clinical probing and radiographic assessment in relation to the histologic bone level at oral implants in monkeys. Clin Oral Implants Res. 1997;8(4):255–64. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0501.1997.080402.x.
Zechner W, Watzak G, Gahleitner A, Busenlechner D, Tepper G, Watzek G. Rotational panoramic versus intraoral rectangular radiographs for evaluation of peri-implant bone loss in the anterior a...
Brånemark P-I. Osseointegration and its experimental background. J Prosthet Dent. 1983;50(3):399–410.
Schulte W, Heimke G. Das Tübinger Sofortimplantat. Quintessenz. 1976;27(6):17–23.
Cooper LF, Raes F, Reside G, Garriga JS, Tarrida LG, Wiltfang J, et al. Immediate provisionalization of dental implants placed in healed alvelar ridges and extraction sockets: a 5-year prospective evaluation....
coronal bone defect (part of the implant that has no contact to the bone; a calculated value)
control group
defect depth visible in the radiographs
dots per inch
immediate implant group
interquartile range
The examination and comparison of the peri-implant bone situation in immediate implants and a control group of non-immediate implants that were matched following specific criteria over a long period of time (10 years) has shown statistically significant differences only at the time of insertion and for the Wilcoxon hypothesis in the second year after prosthetic treatment. In our study, immediate ...
When Quirynen et al. did their review on how the time difference between extraction or tooth loss and implantation affects the success of the implant, no significant difference could be found [27]. They as well as Ortega-Martínez et al. clearly demand more studies evaluating the bone situation for the future [28]. This question was the motivation for our study.
Studies that evaluate the peri-implant bone situation specifically in the Frialit 2 implant system were, among others, conducted by Krennmair et al. and Ricci et al. Krennmair et al. found a bone resorption of 1.4 ± 1.2 mm over their follow-up period [24], which compares to the results found in this study. Ricci et al. found a higher bone resorption of the crestal bone after a 5-year follow-...
The fact that the used measurement protocol is reliable has been proven in former studies [7, 8].
The use of intraoral radiographs as well as panoramic radiographs is an accepted method for the peri-implant bone evaluation [11–13]. The radiographic distortions present in panoramic imaging are well known; however, according to several studies, panoramic images are suitable to assess the crestal ...
The primary objective of this study was the assessment of the peri-implant bone situation in immediate implants over a long-term period up to 10 years and to compare it to the situation found in matched non-immediate implants because there are no similar studies published. The hypothesis was that both the immediate implantation and the implantation after a healing period using the Frialit 2 impla...
Comparing the medians (Fig. 9) of the IM and CG, a difference of 0.7 mm at the time of insertion is visible. The respective values were 0 mm for the CG and 0.7 mm for the IM group. While at the time the patients received their definite restorations, a difference of only 0.3 mm was recorded (0.9 mm for IM and 0.6 mm for CG).
Over the years after definite restorations were emplaced, the medi...
The corresponding group of non-immediate implants was named the control group (CG) and analyzed the same way, and the results are shown in Fig. 7.
Like the immediate implant group, the mean values for the CG mainly stayed stable. At the time of insertion, a value of 0.6 mm was found, which was a little smaller than the value found at the time of the prosthetic treatment (1.0 mm). The maximum v...
For the evaluation of the received data, immediate and non-immediate implants were first examined separately.
The immediate implant (IM) group and its CBD plotted against the time, starting at the time of insertion, is shown in Fig. 6. One can see that the data are quite homogeneous.
The arithmetic means of the CBD range from 1.0 to 1.9 mm, most of them lying between 1.1 and 1.5 mm. The lowes...
After this, the data set was imported into the Excel program (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA 980526399, USA) for further breakdown. For the final examination of the observed values, the mesial and distal CBD was compared. Since there were no larger differences of the values, the mesial and distal CBD were averaged and this was used for further assessment. The gained results were visualized usi...
The protocol used for measuring the distances in every radiograph was described by the author [6] and is outlined in Figs. 4 and 5. Crucial is the determination of a reliable reference line for every implant type. Rather than measuring only the bone level, the “coronal bone defect,” described by the author in 1995 [6], is assessed, which is the extent to which the part of the implant that is ...
One hundred and thirty-three patients receiving 174 implants were selected: 87 immediate implants (IM) and as a matched group 87 implants that were inserted in healed bone (control group (CG)).
The mean age of the patients in this study was 42 years, the youngest patient being 15 years old and the oldest 75 years at the time they received their implant. A gender and age distribution of all ins...
All patients within this study were treated at the Dental School of the Eberhard Karls University in Tübingen between the 22nd of February in 1991 and the 24th of October in 2005. Every patient received at least one Frialit implant. The study protocol of the study was approved by the German Society of Research (Sonderforschungsbereich 175 Implantologie). Informed consent was obtained from all pat...
The present study was designed as a retrospective long-term study which compares the peri-implant bone situation of immediate implants and non-immediate implants as a control group (matched with specific criteria) using reliable measurement specifications [6–8]. The hypothesis was that both the immediate implantation and the implantation after a healing period using the Frialit 2 implant system ...
The success of dental implants has become more and more predictable since Brånemark first observed what he later called osseointegration, in 1960 [1], meaning the direct structural and functional interlocking of the natural bone and titanium implant surfaces. With implantation becoming a predictable treatment for dental restorations, patients also have become more critical towards the esthetic ou...
The purpose of this retrospective long-term study was to evaluate the peri-implant bone changes in immediate implants and matched non-immediate implants as a control group using a specific and proven measurement protocol over a 10-year period, because there are no similar studies published.
One hundred and thirty-three patients received 174 implants (immediate implants (IM) n = 87; control gr...
Fig. 6. Forest plot on differences in implant mean marginal bone loss between MS and RS groups in alle included RCT's
Fig. 6. Forest plot on differences in implant mean marginal bone loss between MS and RS groups in alle included RCT's
Fig. 5. Forest plot on differences in implant survival between MS and RS groups in all included RCT's
Fig. 5. Forest plot on differences in implant survival between MS and RS groups in all included RCT's
Fig. 4. Forest plot on differences in implant mean marginal bone loss between MS and RS groups in all included studies
Fig. 4. Forest plot on differences in implant mean marginal bone loss between MS and RS groups in all included studies
Fig. 3. Forest plot on differences in implant survival between MS and RS groups in all included studies
Fig. 3. Forest plot on differences in implant survival between MS and RS groups in all included studies
Fig. 2. a Presentation of risk of bias evaluation for included RCTs according to the Cochrane Collaboration’s tool. b Presentation of risk of bias evaluation for included non-RCTs according to the Newcastle-Ottawa assessment scale
Fig. 2. a Presentation of risk of bias evaluation for included RCTs according to the Cochrane Collaboration’s tool. b Presentation of risk of bias evaluation fo...
Fig. 1. Flowchart of the search strategy
Fig. 1. Flowchart of the search strategy
Study (first author and year of publication)
Design
General health
Perio health
Perio status
...
Dank, A., Aartman, I.H.A., Wismeijer, D. et al. Effect of dental implant surface roughness in patients with a history of periodontal disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Int J Implant Dent 5, 12 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-019-0156-8
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Received: 14 August 2018
Accepted: 06 January 2019
Published: 13 February 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/...
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were m...
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All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Anton Dank, Irene H.A. Aartman, Daniël Wismeijer, and Ali Tahmaseb declare that they have no competing interests (Additional files 1, 2, 3 and 4).
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Section of Oral Implantology and Prosthetic Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Anton Dank, Daniël Wismeijer & Ali Tahmaseb
Department of Social Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA) University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Ams...
The authors would like to thank Dr. Elena Nicu for providing missing information about her study.
None.
This paper is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the author gives appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Cr...
Jungner M, Legrell PE, Lundgren S. Follow-up study of implants with turned or oxidized surfaces placed after sinus augmentation. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2014;29:1380–7.
Esposito M, Ardebili Y, Worthington HV. Intervention for replacing missing teeth: different types of dental implants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;22:CD003815.
Doornewaard R, Christiaens V, De Bruyn H, Jacobsson M, ...
Nemli SK, Güngör MB, Aydin C, Yilmaz H, Türkcan I, Demirköprülü H. Clinical evaluation of submerged and non-submerged implants for posterior single-tooth replacements: a randomized split-mouth clinical trial. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014;43:1484–92.
Sánchez-Siles M, Munoz-Cámara D, Salazar-Sánchez N, Camacho-Alonso F, Calvo-Guirado JL. Crestal bone loss around submerged and non-sub...
Wennström JL, Ekestubbe A, Gröndahl K, Karlsson S, Lindhe J. Oral rehabilitation with implant-supported fixed partial dentures in periodontitis-susceptible subjects. J Clin Periodontol. 2004;31:713–24.
Matarasso S, Rasperini G, Siciliano V, Salvi GE, Lang NP, Aglietta M. A 10-year retrospective analysis of radiographic bone-level changes of implants supporting single-unit crowns in periodonta...
Kumar A, Jaffin RA, Berman C. The effect of smoking on achieving osseointegration of surface-modified implants: a clinical report. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2002;17:816–9.
Albouy JP, Abrahamsson I, Persson LG, Berghlundh T. Spontaneous progression of peri-implantitis of different types of implants: an experimental study in dogs. I: clinical and radiographic observations. Clin Oral Implant...
Rosenberg ES, Dent HD, Cho S, Elian N, Jalbout ZN, Froum S. A comparison of characteristics of implant failure and survival in periodontally compromised and periodontally healthy patients: a clinical report. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2004;19:873–9.
Balshe AA, Eckert SE, Koka S, Assad DA, Weaver AL. The effects of smoking on the survival of smooth- and rough-surface dental implants. Int J ...
Quirynen M, Abarca M, Van Assche N, Nevins M, Van Steenberghe D. Impact of supportive periodontal therapy and implant surface roughness on implant outcome in patients with a history of periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol. 2007;34:805–15.
Albrektsson T, Wennerberg A. Oral implant surfaces: part 1–review focusing on topographic and chemical properties of different surfaces and in vivo responses t...
Acid-etched
Anterior
Fixed partial denture
Fully edentulous
Hydroxyl apatite
Hybrid surface
Mandible
Maxilla
Machined surface
No data
Not reported
Non-smoking
Partially edentulous
Periodontally compromised patient
Periodontally healthy patient
Posterior
Prospective
Retrospective
Rough surface
Smoking
Sandblasted acid-etched
Titanium plasma sprayed
Due to lack of long-term data (> 5 years), the heterogeneity and variability in study designs and lack of reporting on confounding factors, definitive conclusions on differences in implant survival, and mean marginal bone loss between machined and moderate rough implants in periodontally compromised patients cannot be drawn. In order to understand whether or not machined surfaces are superior to...
The heterogeneity and the variability in the study designs, together with the fact that most previous studies have not reported on confounding factors, make it difficult to draw definitive conclusions. In addition, the broad confidence intervals provide an uncertain outcome. In spite of their relatively higher failure rate, machined implants have possible advantages on the long term, because they ...
Bias is present in the included papers, and this can have a substantial impact on our findings. For example, in the studies by Wennström et al. and Nicu et al., smoking is a confounding factor, since both non-smokers and smokers have been combined [38, 40]. However, Cavalcanti et al. have performed a retrospective multicenter cohort study and have demonstrated almost twice as many implant failure...
The current study reviews the literature on the effect of dental implant surfaces in patients with a history of periodontal disease. The six included papers comprised both retrospective and prospective studies [36,37,38,39,40,41]. The two prospective randomized clinical trials were analyzed separately [38, 40]. As demonstrated by equality of the risk ratios and on account of the limited amount of ...
Figure 3 illustrates a forest plot showing no significant differences in implant survival between MS and RS groups in all included studies [36,37,38,39,40,41]. The implant mean marginal bone loss in the remaining group of six included studies containing 1342 implants ranged from 0.33 to 3.77 mm, with a minimum and maximum of − 0.74 and 5.20 mm, respectively [36,37,38,39,40,41]. The forest ...
There is some variation in the follow-up between the different studies. Two studies had a follow-up of 5 years (Sayardoust et al. and Wennström et al.), two had a follow-up of 10 years (Aglietta et al. and Matarasso et al.), and for two studies, it was 3 years (Nicu et al. and Gallego et al.) [36,37,38,39,40,41]. All included periodontally compromised patients participated in a regular periodo...
The initial electronic database search on PubMed/MEDLINE and Cochrane library resulted in 2411 titles. Thirteen articles were cited in both databases (duplicates). After screening the abstracts, 45 relevant titles were selected by two independent reviewers and 2353 were excluded for not being related to the topic. Following examination and discussion by the reviewers, 43 articles were selected for...
Two reviewers independently extracted data from the included studies. Disagreements were again resolved through discussion. Corresponding authors were contacted when data were incomplete or unclear. With respect to the listed PICO question, data were sought for (P) periodontally compromised and patients without a history of periodontitis receiving dental implant placement, (I) machined surface den...
This study followed the PRISMA statement guidelines and is registered at PROSPERO under registration code CRD42018093063. A review protocol does not exist.
The listed PICO question is used in the present systematic search strategy. The electronic data resources consulted were PubMed/MEDLINE and Cochrane Library, including all published clinical studies until May 2018. The results were limited to ...
Several animal studies have suggested that the roughness of the implant surface influences the progression of peri-implantitis and the outcome of peri-implantitis treatment [27,28,29,30,31]. There is some evidence in men showing that machined implants are less prone to peri-implantitis compared with implants with rougher surfaces [32]. Moreover, implants with a rough surface have higher rates of l...
Rough titanium implants are currently the standard treatment in implant dentistry [1]. They are roughly divided into three different types of surface roughness (Sa): machined/minimal (± 0.5 μm), moderate (1.0–2.0 μm), and rough (> 2.0 μm) [2]. Generally, rougher implant surfaces have greater bone-to-implant contact [3]. In a randomized controlled clinical trial, it has been demonstra...
To review the literature on the effect of dental implant surface roughness in patients with a history of periodontal disease. The present review addresses the following focus question: Is there a difference for implant survival, mean marginal bone loss, and the incidence of bleeding on probing in periodontally compromised patients receiving a machined dental implant or rough surface dental implant...
Fig. 1. Anatomical location of the control and Ca2+-modified dental implants
Fig. 1. Anatomical location of the control and Ca2+-modified dental implants
Variable
Experimental
Control
P
Diameter (mm)
Total
4.25
5.00
5.50
6.00
6.25
...
Diameter (mm)
Total
4.25
5.00
5.50
6.00
6.25
...
Anitua, E., Piñas, L. & Alkhraisat, M.H. Early marginal bone stability of dental implants placed in a transalveolarly augmented maxillary sinus: a controlled retrospective study of surface modification with calcium ions.
Int J Implant Dent 3, 49 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-017-0111-5
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Received: 04 September 2017
Accepted: 15 November 2017
Publi...
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were...
An exemption from IRB approval of the study protocol was granted by the author’s institution as it was a retrospective study, and the evaluated medical device had already been approved for clinical use. This study was performed following the Helsinki declaration regarding the investigation with human subjects.
Not applicable.
Eduardo Anitua is the Scientific Director of BTI Biotechnology Insti...
Private practice in oral implantology, Clínica Eduardo Anitua, Vitoria, Spain
Eduardo Anitua
University Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Oral Implantology - UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), Vitoria, Spain
Eduardo Anitua & Mohammad Hamdan Alkhraisat
BTI Biotechnology Institute, Vitoria, Spain
Eduardo Anitua & Mohammad Hamdan Alkhraisat
Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madr...
Not applicable
No funding was received for this study.
The data will not be shared but are available upon request.
Schulze R, Krummenauer F, Schalldach F, d'Hoedt B. Precision and accuracy of measurements in digital panoramic radiography. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2000;29:52–6.
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Jaffin RA, Berman CL. The excessive loss of Branemark fixtures in type IV bone: a 5-year analysis. J Periodontol. 1991;62:2–4.
Anitua E, Alkhraisat MH, Pinas L, Orive G. Efficacy of biologically guided implant site preparation to obtain adequate primary implant stability. Ann Anat. 2015;199:9–15.
Anitua E, Alkhraist MH, Piñas L, Orive G. Association of transalveolar sinus floor elevation, p...
Moraschini V, Poubel LA, Ferreira VF, Barboza Edos S. Evaluation of survival and success rates of dental implants reported in longitudinal studies with a follow-up period of at least 10 years: a systematic review. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;44:377–88.
Berglundh T, Abrahamsson I, Lang NP, Lindhe J. De novo alveolar bone formation adjacent to endosseous implants. Clin Oral Implants Res. 200...
Plasma rich in growth factors
Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology
The modification of an acid-etched surface with calcium ions (UnicCa®) seems to enhance the marginal bone stability of dental implants, placed after transalveolar sinus floor elevation.
Unlike Ca2+-modified dental implants, two early implant losses were observed for the same dental implants but without Ca2+. Moderately rough implant surface has enhanced implant osseointegration and has increased the implant secondary stability [2, 3, 19]. Hydrophilic moderately rough surfaces showed faster osseointegration compared to those with hydrophobic characteristics [20, 21]. Ca2+ ions hav...
In this study, 51 patients participated with 65 dental implants. The mean age of the patients was 58 ± 11 years (range 38 to 72 years) at the time of surgery, and 28 were females.
The experimental group had 34 Ca2+-modified dental implants, and the control group had 31 dental implants (without surface modification with calcium ions).
Tables 1 and 2 show the diameters and lengths of the p...
The plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF) was prepared using the Endoret® system following the manufacturer instructions (BTI Biotechnology Institute, Vitoria, Spain). The technique for transalveolar sinus floor elevation is explained elsewhere [15]. Briefly, conventional drills working at low speed (150 rpm) without irrigation was used to prepare the implant site. A frontal cutting drill was the...
The manuscript was written following STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology) guidelines. All described data and treatments were obtained from a single dental clinic in Vitoria, Spain. The time period of the study was between December 2014 and April 2016. Patients’ records were retrospectively reviewed to identify patients that fulfilled the following inclusi...
Dental implants are nowadays the treatment of choice to replace missing teeth due to their high predictability and long-term success [1]. This success is the outcome of several cellular and molecular events that take place at the implant-bone interface. Although the process of osseointegration is not fully understood, research is ongoing to enhance and accelerate this process. Moderately rough imp...
Recently, components of the extracellular cellular matrix have been assessed to enhance the biological response to dental implants. This study aims to assess the effect of surface modification with calcium ions on the early marginal bone loss of dental implants placed in a transalveolarly augmented maxillary sinus.
A retrospective study of transalveolar sinus floor augmentation was conducted in a...
Fig. 1. The clinical images of patient 4, with implant-supported single crowns in regions 26 and 27. No signs of a peri-implant infection, mucositis, peri-implantitis, or marginal bone loss were detected. a Occlusal view. b Left-side view. c Orthopantogram. d Close-up radiographic view
Fig. 1. The clinical images of patient 4, with implant-supported single crowns in regions 26 and 27. No sign...
Lorenz, J., Blume, M., Korzinskas, T. et al. Short implants in the posterior maxilla to avoid sinus augmentation procedure: 5-year results from a retrospective cohort study.
Int J Implant Dent 5, 3 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-018-0155-1
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Received: 19 September 2018
Accepted: 20 December 2018
Published: 22 January 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.11...
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were m...
The study was approved by the ethics commission of the medical department of Goethe University in Frankfurt am Main, Germany (79/18). All participating patients gave informed written consent to participate in the retrospective study and for publication of the obtained data.
All participating patients gave informed written consent to participate in the retrospective study and for publication of th...
Correspondence to
Jonas Lorenz.
FORM-Lab, Department for Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial, and Facial Plastic Surgery, Medical Center of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Jonas Lorenz, Shahram Ghanaati & Robert A. Sader
Private Dental Practice, Mainz, Germany
Maximilian Blume
Private Practice, Bokštų 9, LT-92125, Klaipeda, Lithuania
Tadas Korzinskas
You can also search for this author in
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Not applicable
This study was supported by a grant from the Camlog Foundation.
The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Lorenz J, Lerner H, Sader R, Ghanaati S. Investigation of peri-implant tissue conditions and peri-implant tissue stability in implants placed with simultaneous augmentation procedure: a 3-year retrospective follow-up analysis of a newly developed bone level implant system. Int J of Impl Dent. 2017;5(1):41.
Del Fabbro M, Rosano G, Taschieri S. Implant survival rates after maxillary sinus augmentat...
Lorenz J, Barbeck M, Kirkpatrick CJ, Sader R, Lerner H, Ghanaati S. Injectable bone substitute material on the basis of β-TCP and hyaluronan achieves complete bone regeneration while undergoing nearly complete degradation. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2018;33(3):636–44.
Lorenz J, Kubesch A, Korzinskas T, Barbeck M, Landes C, Sader R, Kirkpatrick CJ, Ghanaati S. TRAP-positive multinucleated ...
Absent
Present
Bleeding on probing
Disto-buccal
Disto-oral
Female
Fixed prosthetics
Male
Mesio-buccal
Marginal bone loss
Mesio-oral
Probing pocket depth
Removable prosthetics
The present retrospective study analyzed the clinical and radiological performance of dental implants of 7-mm length in the posterior maxilla used to avoid sinus augmentation procedures. After a mean period of loading of 5 years, a survival rate of 100% and an absence of peri-implant infections were detected, which leads to the conclusion that “short implants” are a reliable treatment option...
In a systematic review, Lemos et al. compared short implants with a length of 8 mm or less to standard implants (larger than 8 mm) placed in posterior regions of the maxilla and mandible. The authors reviewed 13 studies with a total of 1269 patients who had received a total of 2631 dental implants. Short implants showed marginal bone loss, prosthetic failures, and complication rates similar to...
In the present retrospective study, dental implants of reduced length (7 mm) that were placed in the posterior maxilla to avoid sinus augmentation procedure were clinically and radiologically followed up after a mean loading period of 5 years. The clinical and radiological results demonstrate successful midterm results regarding implant survival and peri-implant hard and soft tissue health. Lo...
To analyze peri-implant bone loss over the study period of 5 years, digitally recorded perpendicular single-tooth images recorded immediately after implant placement and at the follow-up investigation were compared.
A mean total peri-implant marginal bone loss of 0.5 mm, ranging from 0 to 1.5 mm, was shown. Sub-analysis indicated mesial peri-implant bone loss of 0.4 mm and distal peri-impl...
After patient screening was performed, 30 implants in the premolar and molar regions of the upper jaw in 14 patients met the inclusion criteria and were clinically and radiologically followed up according to the study protocol. The aim of the follow-up investigation was to analyze whether implants of 7-mm length are suitable for prosthetic rehabilitation in the atrophic maxilla to avoid a sinus au...
Implant being in situ and suitable for prosthetic rehabilitation
Buccal width and thickness of peri-implant keratinized gingiva
Probing depth (at 4 sites per implant)
BoP (per implant)
Peri-implant bone loss
Presence of peri-implant osteolysis
After a mean loading period of 5 years (range 2–7 years), the implants were clinically and radiologically analyzed to determine the overall implant success, mean survival and suitability for prosthetic rehabilitation, peri-implant hard and soft tissue health, and patient acceptance. Furthermore, peri-implant hard and soft tissue indices, such as bleeding on probing (BoP), probing pocket dept...
In the present retrospective study, 14 patients (5 females and 9 males) with a mean age of 63 years (34–80 years) received Conelog® Screw-line implants (Camlog Biotechnologies, Basle, Suisse) with a length of 7 mm. In total, 30 implants were clinically and radiologically investigated after a mean loading period of 5 years (range 2–7 years).
All patients from the Department for Oral...
In the present retrospective study, implants of 7-mm length and a specific implant design, including a conical implant-abutment connection and platform switching, placed in the posterior maxilla were investigated by means of a clinical and radiological analysis after a mean loading period of 5 years. The aim of this study was to analyze whether a reduced implant length has any impact on implant s...
In the past few decades, technical developments of dental implants in combination with continuous development of surgical techniques and biomaterials have led to an expansion of the indications for implant-retained prosthetics. Prevention of atrophy after tooth extraction by socket or ridge preservation or reconstruction of the alveolar crest in cases of atrophy by augmentation with autologous bon...
Short implants present a promising approach for patients with advanced atrophy to avoid augmentative procedures. However, concerns about increased biological and technical complications due to an unfavorable implant-crown ratio are still present.
The aim of the present retrospective study was to evaluate whether a reduced implant length has any impact on implant success and peri-implant hard and ...
5 CONCLUSION
This open cohort, retrospective study evaluated risk indicators associated with marginal bone loss (MBL) through the analysis of 4,591 dental implants, of various designs, placed in private practice and followed‐up for 5 to 10 years. Significant risk indicators for bone loss were found to include autoimmune disease, heavy smoking, bisphosphonate therapy, implant location, diamete...
In this study, prevalence of mucositis varied from nearly 50% of patients using a “strict” BOP threshold (IMI ≥1) (49.5%) compared with 18.2% if using the “relaxed” IMI threshold (IMI ≥2) (see supplementary Tables 3 and 4 in online Journal of Periodontology).
As the implants used in the current study were either platform shift or 1‐stage design 3 mm and BOP+ but no co...
This is in support of systematic reviews of ridge augmentation that often show some loss of grafted bone volume and furthermore, it has been speculated that although the bone graft at time of placement may provide stable hard tissue, the basal bone may be the actual bone that is integrated to the implant.
4.1 Effect of threshold selection on reported prevalence of peri‐implantitis
The choi...
However, the one‐stage tapered effect (TE) design was found to have increased initial MBL at base line (stage 2) (Figure 2C). For the TE design, the increased early MBL may be related to bone compression and a learning curve associated with placement of tapered implants. Two stage platform switch implants typically have bone loss of about 0.5 mm. For the bone level platform shift design, the...
The posterior mandible and posterior maxilla had equivalent crestal bone levels at the start but then the rate of MBL in the posterior maxilla was found to increase at a faster rate when compared with other locations (Figure 2A). This may be a result of crestal compression in lower density bone leading to MBL as described in finite element analysis. Indeed it was noted that about 6% of sites h...
This is a unique finding in the literature and may reflect altered remodeling potential of bone, or it may also be the effect of a few outlier cases where sudden MBL was noted in some but not all bisphosphonate cases. Conclusions drawn are limited however as the duration or dose of bisphosphonate therapy was not recorded in this study.
Interestingly, diabetes (pooled type 1 and type 2) was not ...
DISCUSSION
An analysis of risk indicators for changes in crestal bone level, as a measure of bone loss (MBL), surrounding dental implants has been reported in this study. Furthermore, the impact of the choice of thresholds in determining prevalence of mucositis and peri‐implantitis has been considered. Importantly, this private practice report includes conventional patients and sites as well ...
3.3.3 Implant design
Pairwise comparisons for CBL at the start between the four implant design groups revealed a similarity between standard and standard plus implants as well as between bone level and tapered effect implants (Figure 2C). However, a significant difference (P value
3.1 Risk indicators for bone loss (MBL)
All potential factors and related correlations were evaluated. Table 1 shows only variables that related significantly to changes in CBL over time in a multivariate model. Figures 1 through 3 illustrate the results of Table 1. The “start” refers to baseline at 3 months).
3.2 Patient‐related risk indicators
No significant effect on CBL was observ...
RESULTS
The study cohort of 2,060 patients and 4,591 implants was followed for up to 133 months, with a mean of 32.2 ± 26.8 months. The number of implants for each time period was; n = 2,372 at 2 to 3 years, n = 1,178 at 4 to 5 years, and n = 560 at 6 to 10 years. There were 32 implant failures resulting in cumulative survival rates of 99.3%, 99.0%, and 98.4% at 3, 5, and 7 years, respectively, ...
Mucositis was determined using either the “strict” criteria, IMI ≥1, as an indication for mucositis or the “relaxed” criteria, IMI ≥2, as an indication of mucositis. We defined peri‐implantitis as the combination of mucositis and MBL ≥1.0 mm, at least 1 year after installation.
2.1 Statistical analysis
CBL and MBL are scale variables and have been summarized by calculating the m...
Radiographs were taken and evaluated by the same examiner that placed the implants (DF). For each case the real implant length served as the calibration value to derive the Distance from Implant shoulder to the first Bone to implant contact (DIB). CBL was defined as DIB minus the neck length (NL) of an implant with the following standardization values to account for different implant neck designs...
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A description of the study cohort presenting explanatory variables and univariate and multivariate implant survival analysis has been previously published. Details on recall and follow up are further described in a companion paper. In brief, this was a retrospective study consisting of 2,060 patients with an initial total of 4,591 implants. All implants were placed between...
INTRODUCTION
Although dental implants have been reported to have fairly high survival rates of 95.7% at 5 years and 92.8% at 10‐years, it is also known that progressive marginal bone loss and peri‐implantitis remain a significant potential complication. The 2012 European academy of osseointegration (EAO) consensus report estimated the prevalence of peri‐implantitis to be at 10% of implants ...
Retrospective cohort study of 4,591 dental implants: Analysis of risk indicators for bone loss and prevalence of peri‐implant mucositis and peri‐implantitis
Abstract
Background
Due to the risk of peri‐implantitis, following dental implant placement, this study aimed to evaluate risk indicators associated with marginal bone loss from a retrospective open cohort study of 4,591 denta...
CONCLUSIONS
The present study found no significant difference between the clinical performance, including peri‐implant bone level changes and implant survival, of implants with 6 mm and 11 mm lengths, inserted in minimally resorbed edentulous spaces in the posterior maxilla and mandible, during a 5‐year follow‐up period.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Felix L. Guljé: Conceptualization (eq...
No analysis was performed if there was a possible difference in outcomes between the different centers. One reason is that the number of patients was not equally divided between the centers, making exploration for significant differences hardly reasonable. Next to this, randomization was performed using a block randomization sequence to provide equal distribution of subjects treate...
In the publication of Thoma et al. (2018), it was mentioned that there was 2% peri‐implantitis in the 6‐mm group and 0% in the longer‐implant group. Guljé et al. (2019) observed no peri‐implantitis in either groups. These numbers are low and very much alike the present study, although it should be noted that these studies used a slightly different definition of peri‐impl...
Thoma et al. (2018) reported a mean marginal bone level change of −0.12 ± 0.54 in the 6‐mm group and −0.18 ± 0.96 in the group with longer implants, without a significant difference between the groups. Guljé et al. (2019) reported a mean marginal bone level change of −0.12 ± 0.36 mm and −0.14 ± 0.63 mm in the 6‐mm group and the 11‐mm group, respectively, without ...
DISCUSSION
Both 6‐mm short implants and 11‐mm conventional length implants performed well to support a fixed denture prosthesis in the posterior region of maxilla and mandible. A high implant survival rate, limited peri‐implant bone change, healthy peri‐implant soft tissues and limited biological and technical complications were noticed during the 5‐year functional period.
There was a ...
Table 4. Number of technical complications at implant level and patient level (between brackets) during 5 years of follow‐up
6‐mm group
n implants = 97
(npatients = 46)
11‐mm group
n implants = 86
(npatients = 39)
Fracture of provisional restoration
3 (3)
3 (3)
Fracture of definitive restoration
0 (0)
0 (0)
Fracture of veneering
0 (0)...
Table 3. Clinical measures of implants with plaque (in percentages), implants with bleeding on probing (in percentages) and mean (±SD) probing depth at implant level (in mm) at T0 (placement and loading of provisional restoration) and at T60 (5‐year follow‐up after loading of provisional restoration), and p‐value of differences between the groups at both evaluation periods
...
Table 2. Mean value (in mm), standard deviation (SD), and frequency distribution in (number and percentages) of marginal bone change between loading and 5 years in function
6‐mm group (n = 94)
11‐mm group (n = 80)
mean bone change (SD)
+0.01 (0.45)
−0.12 (0.93)
bone loss>−2.0 down
1 (1.1%)
6 (7.5%)
bone loss>−2.0 up to and including −1.5
1 (1.1...
Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the 6‐mm group (49 participants with 108 implants) and the 11‐mm group (46 participants with 101 implants)
Group 6‐mm
Group 11‐mm
Mean age in years
55 ± 9, range 26–69
54 ± 10, range 34–70
Gender (number male/female)
21/28
27/19
Received a 2‐implant restoration
39
37
Received a 3‐implant restorati...
Forty‐nine patients were randomized to receive 6‐mm implants (test group) and 46 patients to receive 11‐mm implants (control group). The baseline characteristic of the patients is depicted in Table 1. A flow‐diagram from enrollment to 5‐year follow‐up can be found in Figure 3. A total of 209 implants were inserted: 108 implants in the 6‐mm group and 101 implants in the 11‐mm group....
2.4 Statistical analysis
The number of patients required per group was calculated after assuming a two‐sided hypothesis to be rejected if the p‐value was below 5% and with a power of 80%. Primary outcome was mean peri‐implant bone level change, measured per implant, and a mean difference of 0.5 mm (standard deviation 0.8 mm) was chosen as a meaningful level of difference to be detected. ...
2.3 Outcome
Evaluated parameters were:
Implant failure (noted at any time throughout the 5‐year follow‐up period);
Presence of plaque, probing depth (PPD) and bleeding on probing (BoP) was measured on four sites (mesial, distal, buccal, and lingual) around the implant (measured at time of provisional restoration, at time of definitive restoration and at annual follow‐up visits);
Ra...
2.2 Surgical and prosthetic procedures
To be included in the study, participants had to have an edentulous space during at least 4 months, spanning 2–3 teeth in the posterior maxilla or mandible and presence of natural teeth, partial prosthesis and/or implants in the opposite jaw in contact with the planned bridge. Patients also had to be able to receive an 11 mm long and 4 mm wide dental im...
Figure 2b. Five‐year follow‐up photograph of patient with two 11‐mm implants
Figure 2a. Five‐year follow‐up radiograph of patient with two 11‐mm implants
Figure 2. Five‐year follow‐up radiograph (a) and clinical photograph (b) of patient with two 11‐mm implants
Figure 1b. Five year follow‐up clinical photograph of patient with two 6 mm implants
Figure 1a. Five‐year follow‐up radiograph of patient with two 6‐mm implants
Figure 1. Five‐year follow‐up radiograph (a) and clinical photograph (b) of patient with two 6‐mm implants
Figure 1. Five‐year follow‐up radiograph (a) and clinical photograph (b) of patient with two 6‐mm implants
2 MATERIAL AND METHODS
2.1 Study design
The study outline has been described before in the 1‐year report of Guljé et al. (2013) and the 3‐year report of Zadeh et al. (2018). Inclusion/exclusion criteria, treatment and evaluation procedures are described in detail in these publications. The present report has been prepared in accordance with guidelines outlined in the CONSORT statement for...
Comparison of 6‐mm and 11‐mm dental implants in the posterior region supporting fixed dental prostheses: 5‐year results of an open multicenter randomized controlled trial
First published: 06 October 2020 | https://doi.org/10.1111/clr.13674
Abstract
Objective
The aim of this multicenter, randomized controlled trial was to compare the clinical and radiographic outcomes of 6‐mm or 11...
The present report showed that short implants may achieve optimal clinical and radiographic outcomes at the 1-year follow-up when used for single restoration or when connected with other implants in substituting for more than one tooth. There was no difference in outcomes between mandibular and maxillary restorations even though a higher quantity of bone volume was required in mandibular restora...
Weton
Sebaran panjang dan diameter implant ditampilkan dalam Tabel 1. Tabel 2 merinkes posisi implant dan ciri prostetik. Rerata tinggi tulang sisa adalah 6.21 ± 1.05 mm di rahang atas dan 10.73 ± 1.63 mm di rahang bawah. Perbedaan di antara 2 rahang itu signifikan (P < 0.05). Tidak ada komplikasi bedah atau pasca bedah yang dilaporkan.
Tabel 2. Posisi implant dan ciri prostetik; implant ante...
Implant length and diameter distribution are shown in Table 1. Table 2 summarizes implant positions and prosthetic characteristics. Mean residual bone height was 6.21 ± 1.05 mm in the upper jaw and 10.73 ± 1.63 mm in the mandible, and it was significantly different between the 2 jaws (P < .05). No surgical or postsurgical complications were reported.
Table 2. Implant positions and prostheti...
In this ad interim report, 1-year data regarding bone resorption were assessed. Implant survival and success rates were evaluated by comparing maxillary and mandibular implants, splinted and single implants, and implants of different lengths. A Student t test was used to compare bone resorption between mandibular and maxillary implants and splinted and single implants. Analysis of variance was u...
Clinical evaluation was performed every 6 months for the first 2 years then yearly. Survival and success rates were evaluated and recorded, following the definitions and parameters described elsewhere. Any surgical, prosthetic, or clinical complication was recorded. Prosthetic success was evaluated as follows: prosthesis in function, without mobility and pain, even if in the face of the loss of o...
Antibiotic prophylaxis with amoxicillin 2 g was administered to all patients 1 hour before surgery in all patients. All implants were placed in healed sites and the bone socket was prepared using a standard atraumatic technique with a sequence of drills of increasing diameter at the decided length. The implant site was always underprepared, taking in consideration the bone density. All implants ...
This prospective single-cohort study was designed and conducted following the principles of the World Medical Association Helsinki Declaration of 1975 for biomedical research involving human subjects, as revised in 2000. Ethical approval for the study was obtained by the review board of the IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi. All patients were informed about the study aims and design and gave w...
Introduction
Implant rehabilitation in the posterior regions of the maxilla and mandible can be complicated in cases of reduced bone volume due to bone resorption after teeth extraction or to particular anatomic conditions. In fact, reduced bone height can prevent long implants (>10 mm long) from being placed because of the risk of involving anatomic structures, such as ...
Short Implants in Maxillary and Mandibular Rehabilitations: Interim Results (6 to 42 Months) of a Prospective Study
J Oral Implantol (2015) 41 (1): 50–55.
https://doi.org/10.1563/AAID-JOI-D-12-00206
The aim of this single-cohort study was to evaluate clinical survival and success of partial rehabilitation supported by reduced-length implants in maxilla and ...